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ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

Question 11 – 15

The first Dutch outpost in New Netherlands was made at Fort Orange (now Albany) in 1624; it
became a depot of the fur trade. But the most important settlement was at the southern tip of
Manhattan, commanding the great harbor at the mouth of the Hudson River. Peter Minuit, first
governor-general of New Netherlands, "purchased" title to the island from the Canarsie Indians for
the equivalent of twenty-four dollars worth of trinkets. However, the Canarsie Indians might be
described as tourists from Brooklyn; Minuit had to make a later payment to the group that was
actually resident there.

In 1626 engineers from Holland arrived in Manhattan to construct Fort Amsterdam. Within its
rectangular walls, permanent houses were built, replacing the thatched dwellings of the original
Manhattanites. The fort became the nucleus of the town of New Amsterdam. Soon Manhattan had
its first skyline: the solid outline of the fort, the flagstaff, the silhouette of a giant windmill, and the
masts of trading ships.

The Dutch West India Company established dairy farms in the vicinity of New Amsterdam. Each
morning, the cattle were driven to the "Bouwerie" (now the Bowery), a large open common in the
city. Just southwest of the Bouwerie was the Bowling Green, a level area where the burghers played
ninepins, the ancestor of modern bowling. The Bowling Green became the site of a cattle fair where
livestock were marketed; beer and sausage was available from booths; cheese, lace, and linen were
sold by farmers' wives; and Indian women sold baskets and other handicrafts. These colorful
gatherings and other aspects of everyday life in New Amsterdam are described in Washington
Irving's rollicking book, Diedrich Knickerbocker's History of New York.

The last and most powerful governor-general of New Netherlands was Peter Stuyvesant. famous for
his temper and his wooden leg. He annexed the Swedish colony of Delaware and ordered the streets
of New Amsterdam laid out in an orderly manner and numbered. He did his best to obtain military
and financial aid from Holland against the British. When the British sent emissaries demanding the
surrender of the colony, he wanted to fight.

Four British warships, commanded by Colonel Richard Nicolls, sailed into the harbor in 1664. The fort
was long out of repair, and there was a shortage of ammunition. Stuyvesant had no choice but to
surrender. New Netherlands became the British colony of New York. and Ne\v Amsterdam became
New York City.

11. What is the main topic of the first paragraph?
____ (A) The first Dutch settlement in New Netherlands
____ (B) Peter Minuit's acquisition of Manhattan
____ (C) Tourism in Manhattan

12. The second paragraph deals primarily with
____ (A) the establishment of Fort Amsterdam
____ (B) the skyline of Manhattan
____ (C) the thatched houses of the Indians

13. The third paragraph mainly describes
____ (A) aspects of everyday life in New Amsterdam
____ (B) the origin of the game of modern bowling
____ (C) Washington Irving's book about New Amsterdam

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