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ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

Questions 16-19
Design is the arrangement of materials to produce certain
effects. Design plays a role in visual arts and in the creation of
commercial products as well. Designers are concerned with the
(line) direction of lines, the size of shapes, and the shading of
(5) colors. They arrange these patterns in ways that are satisfying
to viewers. There are various elements involved in creating a
pleasing design.
Harmony, or balance, can be obtained in a number of ways. It
may be either symmetrical (in balance) or asymmetrical (out of
(10) balance, but still pleasing to the eye). Or a small area may
balance a large area if it has an importance to the eye (because
of color or treatment) which equals that of the larger area.
Contrast is the opposite of harmony.The colors red and orange
harmonize, since orange contains red. A circle and oval
(15) harmonize, as they are both made up of curved lines. But a short
line does not harmonize with a long line. It is in contrast.
Unity occurs when all the elements in a design combine to form
a consistent whole.Unity resembles balance.A design has balance
if its masses are balanced, or if its tones and colors
(20) harmonize. But unity differs from balance because it implies that
balanced elements work together to form harmony in the design
as a whole.

16. The word "They" in line 5 refers to
___ (A) designers
___ (B) lines, shapes, and colors
___ (C) directions, size, and shape
___ (D) visual arts
17. The word "that" in line 12 is used as a reference to
___ (A) a color
___ (B) an area
___ (C) importance
___ (D) balance
18. The word "It" in line 16 is used as a reference to
___ (A) a circle
___ (B) the color red
___ (C) a long line
___ (D) a short line
19. In line 20, the word "it" refers to
___ (A) unity
___ (B) balance
___ (C) a design
___ (D) a consistent whole

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