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Plate 25.5 After Gu Kaizhi (顧愷之) (344–405), Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies (Nüshi zhen tu 女史箴图), detail of family
scene, c. 400–500s. Handscroll, ink and colours on silk, height 24.37cm, length 343.75cm. British Museum, London, 1903,0408,0.1

They married, and she bore several children before inferiors into obedience. Such is Confucian harmony in
dying. After several years, when Liu still had not remarried, Wulun shu. Compared with the punishing one-sided
a colleague said to him: ‘Grief is born of love; love is born of obligations of the ‘Three Bonds’, or with the contemporary
sexual desire. In this case, where does your love come from? European ‘Great Chain of Being’, the Five Relationships
What does your grief come from?’ Liu replied: offers a capacious and humanist utopianism.
Further, the ‘Five Relationships’ formulation chosen by
I only know that I have lost my wife, and that’s all. If I trace it
back in reasoning that sex produces love and love produces the Ming court for this book undermines any equation of
grief, then the sexual desire will weaken, the love will fall into ‘Confucianism’ with ‘family values’. The model instead is a
abeyance, and my grief will also be forgotten. Then, indeed, set of dyadic relationships, of which two are not family
any rippling sleeve in the marketplace, with dallying eyes that relations. Exemplars are fiercely conscientious individuals
beckon to the heart, could be made a wife! who sometimes speak and act against both the wider family
吾知喪吾妻而已。吾如緑色而生愛緑愛而生哀。色衰愛弛。吾哀 interest and the orders of seniors, precisely in order to carry
亦忘。則凡楊袂倚市。目挑而心招者。皆可以為妻也。 32 out the mutual, if unequal, obligations of a particular dyad.
Dora Ching, pointing out the paucity of visual
The point is the humanity and moral value of all parties, and representations of the family in imperial China, discusses
the individual’s development of his natural conscience – not the Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies (Nüshi zhen
obedience to hierarchy or family interest. tu 女史箴圖) in the British Museum, traditionally attributed
In Wulun shu, superiors hold as much responsibility as to Gu Kaizhi 顧愷之 (344–405) but dated to c. 400–500, as a
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privilege. One account tells of the exemplary brother rare portrayal of an ideal complete family. To my eye,
Minister Niu Hong 牛弘, whose younger brother liked to however, the painting shows a ‘family’ broken into dyads,
drink. Minister Niu arrived home one evening to find his whose overlapping relations of superiority are very difficult
wife furious because the bibulous brother had shot their cart to represent properly all together. Ching’s analysis
ox; he did not even reprimand his brother, but simply bore it, highlights the way in which the bodies of the adults set
like his namesake the ox. Similarly, a family head recorded boundaries that protect and confine the children, but
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in the ‘lineage’ section, when asked how the family had actually the eldest prince and the princess royal form part of
managed to stay together for nine generations, took a brush the lines of the overall pyramid, leaving their backs
and he wrote ‘Forbearance’ (ren 忍) 100 times on a piece of unprotected (Pl. 25.5). We can see the pyramid as
paper. He did not speak of forcing or even educating comprised three smaller triangles: at the lower right sit
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The Book of the Five Relationships: Thoughts on Mid-Fifteenth-Century Court Confucianism | 223