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1 Mills 1970, 73–5; the Chinese text consulted is that also used by 25 Keay 2012, 92–3.
Mills: Ma Huan 1955, 1–2. See also Wan Ming 2005. 26 Zhang Wende 2006, 266–74.
2 Clunas 1987. 27 Pointon 2009, 3.
3 For convenient surveys see Nanjing shi bowuguan 2004, also Yang 28 Raguin 1985, 278.
Zhishui 2011. 29 Soothill and Hodous 1937, 476–8.
4 Sun Laichen 2010, 172. 30 Full text in Vermeer 1991, 113.
5 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Zhongxiang shi 31 Franke 1968, 199.
bowuguan 2007, I, 206, 317–21, 322–7. 32 Michaelson 1999, 120–1 (thanks to Carol Michaelson for this
6 Clunas and Harrison-Hall 2014, 85. reference); Schafer 1963, 334.
7 Clunas and Harrison-Hall 2014, 152–3. 33 O’Kane 1993, 250.
8 E.g. Clunas and Harrison-Hall 2014, 54, 58. 34 Balabanlilar 2007, 28–9.
9 Morgan 2008, 1. 35 Alexander 2004, 142 (thanks to David Robinson for this reference).
10 Elverskog 2010, 35, citing Liu Xinru 1994, 177. 36 Dale 1998, 46; for an example of a necklace containing such
11 Lin Meicun 2014, 76, 83. engraved spinels, see Watson 2008, 124.
12 Fernquist 2005, 297–8. 37 Freeman 1998, 38–65 (58).
13 Sun Laichen 2010, 172, 175. 38 Keay 2012, 19.
14 MSL Taizu shilu 244.2b–4a (29/2/庚寅), Wade 2005b, http://epress. 39 McCall 2013, 459.
nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/3081. 40 Elverskog 2010, 197.
15 MSL Taizong shilu 192.1a (15/8/甲申), Wade 2005b, http://epress. 41 Gerritsen 2012, 249–50.
nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/2440; MSL Taizong shilu 216.1a (17/9/丙午), 42 Li He and Knight 2008, 52.
Wade 2005b, http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/2637; MSL 43 Liu Pujiang 2007 (thanks to Peter Ditmanson for this reference).
Yingzong shilu 38.5b–6a (3/1/癸卯), Wade 2005b, http://epress.nus. 44 Liu Pujiang 2007, 536–7; Chen Gaohua 1979 (thanks to David
edu.sg/msl/entry/701; MSL Yingzong shilu 20.3a–b (1/7/戊申), Wade Robinson for this reference).
2005b, http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/218. 45 Shen Shixing 2007, juan 60, 377.
16 Mills 1970, 90; Ma Huan 1955, 9. 46 Hubei sheng wenwu kaogu yanjiusuo and Zhongxiang shi
17 Mills 1970, 105–6, 141, 143; Ma Huan 1955, 21, 45, 47. bowuguan 2007, I, 169–70.
18 Elverskog 2010, 83; Mills 1970, 64. 47 Lu Xixing 2012; Robinson forthcoming.
19 Hall 2010, 112, 116–17. 48 Rossabi 1983, 53.
20 Mills 1970, 127–8 (romanisation converted to pinyin); Ma Huan 49 For a Timurid example in the Metropolitan Museum of Art see
1955, 37. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1989.87a-l
21 Tao Zongyi 1980, juan 7, 84–5. [accessed 10 September 2015].
22 Mills 1970, 155; Ma Huan 1955, 58. 50 Sen 2006b, 432.
23 David 1971, 126 identifies lazi as ‘wax opals’, but the description 51 Mills 1970, 146; Ma Huan 1955, 49.
seems to fit rubies or spinels at least as well (not least because of the 52 E.g. a silver box, Victoria and Albert Museum 1982, no. 337, and
reference to their great value), and it is noteworthy that there is no Archer, Rowell and Skelton 1987, no. 188.
alternative term for these stones in this text. 53 Sen 2005, 508; Mills 1970, 159; Ma Huan 1955, 58.
24 Mills 1970, 170; Ma Huan 1955, 67. 54 Robinson 2013b, 285–7.

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