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scholarship tends to refer to the Laud rutter. It was reprinted in 燈籠星十指，取塔巴里付山，沿山一更，取小赤塔密儿，取水，巡山
1961 as the first of two navigational manuals in Xiang Da 1961b. 使单坤二十更，取阿丹碼頭.
3 Xiang Da 1961b, 22. 11 Xiang Da 1961b, 80–1: 開船乾戌, ，離石欄外，水十五托，单亥五
4 Zhang Xie 1981. 更，取白礁外過，乾亥五更平希星山，单乾二十更，看北辰五指一
5 Brook 2010, 93–4. 角，燈籠十指一角，平莽角雙儿，過.礁頭開洋，辛戌五十更，看北辰
6 For the dating and authorship of the Selden map, see Brook 2013, 六指三角，燈籠八指三角，单辛七十更，看北斗七指三角，燈籠七指
169–73. 三角，取祖法儿碼頭，泊船是也.
7 Manguin 2009. 12 Zhang Xie explains in the introduction to the ninth chapter of
8 The speed of 6¼ knots has been widely used by Ming historians. At Dongxi yang kao that a tuo 托, here translated as ‘fathom’, was
that speed, a ship would cover 150 nautical miles in 24 hours. defined locally as the distance between your hands with your arms
Xiang Da, however, considered 4 knots a more realistic estimate outstretched.
for Ming junks. Equivalent to a daily distance of 100 nautical miles, 13 Xiang Da 1961b, 78–9. Asterisks indicate that a place name is
this is a rate I find more accurate for reading the Selden map; see romanised from Chinese characters. On the identification of
the discussion in Brook 2013, 95, 162. Diewei as Tiwi, the region southeast of Muscat, see Mills 1970, 222.
9 On the earlier export of Chinese porcelain to Hormuz, see 14 Mao Yuanyi 1628, 240.20a–b. On the identification of Jialaha as
Sjostrand and Barnes 2001. Kalhat/Qalhat, see Mills 1970, 188.
10 Xiang Da 1961, 80: 開船乾亥，離石欄外，水十五托，看北斗星四 15 Xiang Da 1961b, 22.
指，看燈籠星十一指半，单亥五更取白礁外過，乾戌五更平希星峪， 16 Brook 2008, 84–116.
用乾亥二十更，看北斗辰五指三角，看燈籠星正十指三角，平莽角
雙儿，過.礁開洋，用辛酉一百二十五更平蕉塔那山，看北辰五指，

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