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114 Kevin McLoughlin
16 www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2010/fine-chinese-ceramics-works-of-art-
hk0331/lot.2612.html; accessed November 2015.
17 Clunas and Harrison-Hall, Ming, 50 Years That Changed China, 147.
18 Ibid, 98.
19 Evelyn S Rawski, The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 175–178. See also Catherine Pagani,
“Clockmaking in China under the Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors,” Arts Asiatiques
vol. 50 (1995): 78–79, and Emily Byrne Curtis, “Glass from China for the Land above
the Clouds,” Journal of Glass Studies Vol. 46 (2004): 147–148.
20 Also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War, and as the Arrow War. See for instance
standard introductions to late imperial Chinese history such as Immanuel C Hsü, The
Rise of Modern China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 215; or Jonathan D
Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: Norton, 1990), 181. See also Pamela
K Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot, China Since 1800: An Interpretive History (Chichester:
Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 83, and Jonathan Fenby, The Penguin History of Modern China:
The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850–2008 (London: Allen Lane, 2008), 23. Other
recently published accessible sources in English which offer more context on European
involvement in Qing China include Julia Lovell, The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams
and the Making of China (London: Picador, 2011), 259–264; and Robert A Bickers, The
Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832–1914 (London: Allen Lane,
2011), 5–6, and 149–150. A useful summary chapter dedicated to the describing events
which led to the sacking of the Yuanmingyuan can be found in Young-Tsu Wong,
Paradise Lost: the Imperial Garden: Yuanming Yuan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii
Press, 2001), 133–160.
21 Work had begun on the Yuanmingyuan under the Kangxi emperor (r. 1661–1722) in
1709 following on from the completion of Chengde summer residence, the Bishu
Shanzhuang (?暑9 , Mountain Hamlet for the Escape of the Summer Heat) in 1708.
Under the Qianlong emperor, both the gardens and palaces of the Yuanmingyuan were
added to significantly.
22 Lieutenant Colonel Wolseley quoted from Wong, Paradise Lost, 143.
23 James H Grant and Henry Knollys, Life of General Sir Hope Grant: With Selections
from His Correspondence (Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1894), 176–179.
24 James L Hevia. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century
China (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003), 76–82.
25 Admiring descriptions of the Yuanmingyuan gardens, though not its architecture, can be
found in Robert Swinhoe, Narrative of the North China Campaign of 1860: Containing
Personal Experiences of Chinese Character, and of the Moral and Social Condition of
the Country; Together with a Description of the Interior of Pekin (London: Smith, Elder
and Co, 1861), 301.
26 Count D’Herrison. “The Loot of the Imperial Summer Palace at Pekin.” In Robert S Ball,
et al. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Showing
the Operations, Expenditures, and Condition of the Institution for the Year Ending June
30, 1900. Washington, DC., 1901, p. 619.
27 Charles Dupin (Paul Varin) writing in Expédition de Chine (Paris: Michel Lévy Frères,
1862), 235–236. Quoted from Greg M Thomas, “The Looting of the Yuanming and
the Translation of Chinese Art in Europe,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide vol. 7,
no. 2 (Autumn 2008): 5.
28 Erik Ringmar, Liberal Barbarism: The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor
of China (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 76–77.
29 Grant and Knollys, Life of General Sir Hope Grant: With Selections from His Corres -
pondence, 180.
30 The prize agents are named in General Sir Hope Grant’s biography as Colonel Walker,
Major Wilmot, and Captain Anson, see Grant and Knollys, Life of General Sir Hope Grant,
177. In addition, James L Hevia lists a Captain Lumsden as being among those appointed
to the prize committee by General Sir Hope Grant. Hevia, English Lessons, 83.
31 Son of Heaven (天B, Tianzi) is a title referring to the role of the supreme state ruler or
emperor, and was one of the many titles and honorifics used to refer to the emperor.