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not read or been in contact with the presenter but am grateful to Professor Esherick for
this reference.

32 Pamela Crossley defines the Qing rulership as the originator of historical production.
She likens rulership to emperorship whereby simultaneous edicts and utterances in
multiple languages emanate, a physical mechanical construction similar to spokes and
hub of a wheel. See Crossley (1999), 12.

33 Guo Baochang re-edited and re-published Qianlong’s poems in an edited publication
called Guo Baochang ெ໫׹, ed., Qing Gaozong yuzhi yong taoౢۚሷ⚢ᇅ䩨Ռℬ仛
<Gaozong imperial poems about ceramics] (n.p.: N.d.). A copy was accessed at the
Shanghai Museum Rare Book Library.

34
Crossley, 11.

35
See Lan Pu ᔝऌ and Zheng Tinggui ቍҒ࣭, Jingdezhen Tao lu౻ᅃᕄௗ፽, the
chapters entitled “Jingdezhen lidai yaokao,” and “Guyao kao.” See also the two Qing
period texts on kiln ware style that categories the typologies according to yao: Nanyao
biji [Report on Southern Kilns] and Yaoqi shuo [On Kiln Styles] in Shuo Tao Ⴍௗ [On
Pottery] eds., Sang Xingzhi ࣳБʘ et al., (Shanghai: Shanghai keji jiaoyu chuban she,
1993), 366-373. For a modern summary of the history of the kiln system of
categorization see, Qin Dashu ॢɽዓ, “Lun ‘yaoxi’ gainian de xingcheng, yiyi, ji qi
juxianxing,” ሞᇉӻ฿ׂٙБϓ,จ່, ʿՉڻࠢ׌ [About the kiln system concept
development, its meanings, and its limitations] Wenwu ˖ي 5(2007): 60-66. I thank
Professor Qin from Beijing University for his last-minute reference to his article during
research in Beijing.

36 Lothar Ledderose’s analysis of porcelain art advances the same point, which is
articulated in his chapter entitled “Factory Art,” in Ten Thousand Things: Module and
Mass Production in Chinese Art (1998).

37 Song Yingxing’s book is discussed in the previous chapter (Ch.2).

38
Song Yingxing, T'ien-kung k'ai-wu, trans., E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun
(University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1966).

39 Peter Golas’ argument that the original Ming dynasty Tiangong kaiwu illustrations
display a great degree of flatness is outlined in his article, “Like Obtaining a Great
Treasure,” in Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China, eds.,
Francesca Bray and Georges Metailie (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 576 and 584-85.

40 Peter Golas, “Like Obtaining a Great Treasure,” in Bray and Metailie, eds. (2007), 576.