Page 40 - Cooke's Peak - Pasaron Por Aqui

35. Brody,Scott,andLeBlanc,AncientArt,p.31.
36. Gladwin, Ancient Southwest, p. 246. Jerry L. Williams(ed.),NewMexicoinMaps(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1986), p. 82, added changing rainfall patterns, local conflict, and en- vironmental burnout to the proposed list of causes.
37. T.E.Raynor,“TheMysteryoftheMogollon Migration,” New Mexico, Vol. 33 (Feb., 1955), p. 37; Snodgrass, Realistic Art, p. 45; Wormington, Prehis- toric Indians, p. 161.
38. Gladwin,AncientSouthwest,p.216.
39. Brody, Scott, and LeBlanc, Ancient Art, p. 13. 40. Gladwin, Ancient Southwest, p. 216; Ralph
Redrick Ogle, “Federal Control of the Western Apaches, 1848-1886" New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 14 (Oct., 1939), p. 313 (hereafter cited as Ogle, ’’Federal Control"). This cultural designation is sometimes spelled Athabascans or Athabaskans. The word Apache may have been of Spanish or Mexican origin or may have been taken from the Yuman term e-patch, meaning man or fighting man. It may equally have been derived from the Zuni word Apachu, which meant enemy.
41. William E. Coffer, Sipapu (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1982), p. 15 (hereafter cited as Coffer, Sipapu ).
42. Bertha Pauline Dutton, Indians of the American Southwest (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975), p. 115.
43. Gladwin, Ancient Southwest, pp. 216-217.
David E. Stuart and Roray P. Gauthier, Prehistoric New Mexico, Background for Survey, edited by Thomas W. Merlan (Santa Fe: Historic Preserva- tion Bureau, 1981), p. 424, suggests that a rise in buffalo population prior to 1500 may have resulted in an early wave of intrusion, followed by a withdrawal before the final incursion by the Apaches. Joseph Allen Stout, Jr ., Apache Lightning (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 4, more specifically claims that the Ojo Caliente (Mimbres)ApachesarrivedintheSouthwestsome-
time between 900 and 1200.
44. Gladwin, Ancient Southwest, p. 235.
45. Ibid., p. 247; Even Steadman Upham, “Adap-
tive Diversity and Southwestern Abandonment,” Journal ofAnthropological Research, Vol. 40 (Sum- mer,1984),p.250,astrongadvocateofMimbres decline due to natural causes, admits that the Spanish records indicate that the Apaches’ distribu- tion, range, and population numbers are incom-
patiblewithalateentrydate.
46. Brody, Mimbres Paradox, p. 25.
47. ChristiansonandKottlowski,Mosaic,p.6.
48. Veronica E. Velarde Tiller, The Jicarilla
Apache Tribe: A History, 1846-1970 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), p. 5. The SpaniardsdidnotcalltheseIndiansApacheuntilthe 1600s; instead they used other designations such as Querechos and Vaqueros and did not differentiate between the various bands until about 1700.
49. ChristiansonandKottlowski,Mosaic,pp.6-7; Jerry L. Williams and Paul E. McAllister, New Mexico in Maps (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1979), p. 32; Hugh Meglone Milton, Fort Selden, Territory of New Mexico, 1865-1890 (Las Cruces: Privately Published, 1971), p. 12, indicated
the pass was named for Pedro Robledo.
50. Lynn Irwin Perrigo, The American Southwest, Its Peoples and Cultures (New York: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, 1971), p. 247 (hereafter cited as Per- rigo, American Southwest).
51. Dan L. Thrapp, Victorio and the Mimbres Apaches (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974) p. 16 (hereafter cited as Thrapp, Mimbres
Apaches).
52. Perrigo, American Southwest, p. 247.
53. Coffer, Sipapu, p. 59.
54. John L. Kessell, Kiva, Cross, and Crown, the
Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540-1840 (Washington: National Park Service, U. S. Depart- ment of the Interior, 1979), p. 410 (hereafter cited as Kessell, Kiva).
55. Ibid., p. 154. As the Custos, or custodian for thatprovince,hewasalsotheheadoftheInquisition. 56. Gordon Cortis Baldwin, A Story of the Chiricaliua and Western Apache (Tucson: Dale Stuart King, 1965), p. 12 (hereafter cited as Baldwin, Western Apache). It must be considered that the history of the Apache was written by their enemies
who had very different concepts of what was desirableorevenacceptablesocialconduct. For another interesting side to this and other race rela- tions issues, attend a Mescalero Apache July 4 celebration and listen closely when they present their pageant on the history of the tribe and the intrusion of the Whites.
57. DonaldE.Worcester,“TroublousTimesin New Mexico,” New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 16 (Jan., 1941), p. 12.
58. Baldwin, Western Apache, p. 12; Charles L.
Endnotes
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