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nectedwiththeUnitedStatesandMexicanBoundary
Commission, During the Years 1850, ’51 ’52, and ’53, ,
2 Vols. (Chicago: The Rio Grande Press, Inc., 1965), Vol. 1, p. 227 (hereafter cited as Bartlett, Personal Narrative)’, Thrapp, Mimbres Apaches, pp. 17-18; Wilson, Historical Profile, p. 9; Walker, “Copper Genesis,” p. 15.
96. ZebulonMontgomeryPike,TheJournalsof Zebulon Montgomery Pike with Letters and Related Documents, 2 Vols. (Norman: University of Ok-
lahoma Press, 1966), Vol. 2, p. 48; Walker, “Copper Genesis,” pp. 13-14. Walker presents convincing arguments that the 600 miners and 20,000 muleloads of ore per year reported by Pike were considerable overstatements of probable fact.
97. Christianson and Kottlowski, Mosaic, p. 9.
98. Ogle, “Federal Control,” p. 337.
99. RichardBatman,JamesPattie’sWest: Die
Dream and the Reality, (Norman: University of Ok- lahoma Press, 1986), p. 193 (hereafter cited as Bat- man, Pattie’s West)’, Archibald Hanna and William H. Goetzmann (eds.), Die Personal Narrative of James O. Pattie (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Com- pany, 1962), pp. 102, 117.
100. Batman, Pattie’s West, pp. 197-198. One source, George Ruhlen, “Kearny’s Route from the Rio Grande to the Gila River,” New Mexico Histori- cal Review, Vol. 32 (July, 1957), p. 216, claimed that Christopher “Kit” Carson, as a young man, had worked in the copper mines in 1828.
101. William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Em- pire (New York: Vintage Books, 1972), p. 76. This is probably the same route traveled earlier by De
Anza when he left the river in 1780.
102. Huston Horn, Die Pioneers (New York:
Time-Life Books, 1974), p. 30 (hereafter cited as Horn, Pioneers)’, Joseph John Hill, Die History of Warner’s Ranch and Its Environs (Los Angeles: Privately Printed, 1927), pp. 88-90 (hereafter cited as Hill, Warner’s Ranch); Harlan Hague, Die Road to California: Die Search for a Southern Overland Route, 1540-1848 (Glendale: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1978) pp. 139-140. The “Old Spanish Trail” extended between Santa Fe and California by way of Utah and was pioneered in 1829 by Antonio Armijo and in 1830-31 by William Wolfskill’s beaver
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huntingparty. Itwassubsequentlymisnamedasa result of their following the Spanish trade route to the Great Basin country established by Juan Maria de Rivera’s 1765 expedition to the Yuman Indians.
103. Horn, Pioneers, pp. 64-66.
104. Hill, Warner’s Ranch, pp. 94-95, 101-102. On his first trip west Warner deviated slightly from Cooke’slaterroute,passingbythecoppermines northwest of Cooke’s Peak before turning south on the Janos road.
105. Ibid., pp. 101-102; Kenneth L. Holmes (ed.), Covered Wagon Women Diaries & Letters from the Western Trails, 1840-1890 (Glendale: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1983) Vol. 1, p. 260; Marjorie Tis- dale Wolcott (ed.), Pioneer Notes from the Diaries of
Judge Benjamin Hayes, 1849-1875 (Los Angeles:
Marjorie Tisdale Wolcott, 1929), p. 53. 106.EveBall,IntheDaysofVictorio,Recollections
of a Warm Springs Apache (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970), p. 46 (hereafter cited as Ball, Victorio). MangasColoradas’twowiveswerekilled but he escaped with his son Mangas. The Mimbres Apaches called themselves the Tcihene.
107. Thrapp, Mimbres Apaches, p. 19; Edward HollandSpicer,CyclesofConquest: DieImpactof Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians ofthe Southwest, 1533-1960 (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1962), p. 245. Historians have used several spellings for the name of this important leader of the Mimbres Apache band. A reprint of John T. Hughes’ 1847 publication in William Elsey Connelley, War with Mexico, 1846-1847: Doniphan’s Expedition and the Conquest of New Mexico and California (Kansas City, Missouri: Bryant and Douglas Book and Stationery Co., 1907), p. 325, clearly and repeatedly names the Apache “Red Sleeve.” Bartlett, in 1851, used Mangus Colorado, but the more modern sources favor Mangas Coloradas.
108. Ibid., p. 20; Bartlett, Personal Narrative Vol. 1, pp. 227-229. In Ball, Victorio, p. 46. James Kaywaykla, a friend of Mangas Coloradas’ grand- son, Frank, claimed that after the Apaches cut off the miners’ supplies the miners fled for Mexico, but not one of them made it.
Endnotes