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1 A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (repr. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns,
2000), 109–10.
2 Ibid., 106–8.
3 Gleason L. Archer Jr., “Daniel,” The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, vol. 7, Frank E. Gaebelein,
ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985), 69.
4 Montgomery mentions a marriage feast of Alexander with 10,000 guests. James A.
Montgomery, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel, The International
Critical Commentary (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1927), 250.
5 M. E. L. Mallowan, “Nimrud,” in Archaeology and Old Testament Study, D. Winton Thomas, ed.
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1967), 62.
6 James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd. ed.
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), 306.
7 Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae IV, in Athenaeus, Charles Burton Gulick, trans., Loeb Classical
Library (London: Heinemann, 1927–41), 145.
8 Ibid., 165.
9 Carl Friedrich Keil, Biblical Commentary on the Book of Daniel, M. G. Easton, trans. (Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1955), 174–75.
10 H. C. Leupold, Exposition of Daniel (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1949), 211.
11 Edward B. Pusey, Daniel the Prophet (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1885), 346. See also
Leupold, Daniel, 216–17, who discusses this quotation from Pusey.
12 Keil, Daniel, 181.
13 Herodotus, History of the Persian Wars 1:178–83.
14 Cf. Merrill F. Unger, New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, R. K. Harrison, ed. (Chicago: Moody
Publishers, 1988), 135; T. G. Pinches, “Babel, Babylon,” in International Standard Bible
Encyclopedia, vol. 1, James Orr, ed. (Chicago: Howard-Severance, 1930), 350. For a map of
Babylon in sixth century B.C., see D. J. Wiseman, “Babylon,” in The New Bible Dictionary, J. D.
Douglas, ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965), 117–20. For pictures and further details, see R.
K. Harrison, “Babylon,” in The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary, Merrill C. Tenney, ed.
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1963), 89–93.
15 Robert Koldewey, The Excavations at Babylon, Agnes S. Johns, trans. (Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan Library, 1914), 103–4.
16 Robert Henry Charles, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel (Oxford:
