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Figure 13. The material PMMA was first used in dentistry. In World War II,
prosthetists began using it to create orbital prostheses. At left and right,
soldiers without (above) and with (below) their PMMA orbital prostheses,
ca. 1948. Top center, a PMMA orbital prosthesis attached to eyeglasses,
ca. 1960. Silicone was the next material to come into use, and it is still
used today. Bottom center, silicone orbital prostheses, ca. 1980.

7. Iliff W, Marback R, Green WR. Invasive squamous 11. Tse DT, Bumsted RM. A two-layer clo-
cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthal- sure of sino-orbital fistula. Ophthalmology.
mol. 1975;93(2):119-122. 1989;96(11):1673-1678.
8. Hughes, MO. A pictorial anatomy of the human 12. Levin PS, Ellis DS, Stewart WB, Toth BA. Orbital ex-
eye/anophthalmic socket: A review for ocularists. enteration: The reconstructive ladder. Ophthalmic
Journal of Ophthalmic Prosthetics. 2007;12(1): Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 1991;7(2):84-92.
51-63. 13. Jackson IT. Reconstruction of the orbit after exen-
9. Alexander, C. Faces of war. Smithsonian Magazine. teration. In Stark RB, ed. Plastic Surgery of the Head
2007;February:10-17. and Neck. Vol 1. New York, Churchill Livingston;
10. Levin PS, Dutton JJ. Orbital exenteration. In: Stew- 1987:439-452.
art WB (ed). Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive 14. Mclaren LR. Primary skin grafting after ex-
Surgery. San Francisco, CA; American Academy of enteration of the orbit. Plast Reconstr Surg.
Ophthalmology . 1958;22(3):278.

14 | MICHAEL HUGHES / NEIL HUGHES / BARRON JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMIC PROSTHETICS