Page 54 - Pentateuch - Student Textbook

punishment was reserved for murderers. No crime against property could lead to the death
penalty. Marriage is also sacred, never an issue of property rights (20:14). Property is a gift from
God, a stewardship from him (20:15). Just as our words are to reflect our worship of God, they
also reflect our attitude towards other people. Lying is always wrong (20:16). None of these
commandments can be taken in only an outward sense. While our hearts are able to desire one
thing while we choose to act differently, the root of coveting is evil (20:17).

The general outline of God’s laws is filled out by specific instances taken from everyday life.
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Throughout the specifics, human life is more important than material considerations.

1.) Cases involving slaves (21:2-11). Slavery in the OT was not like more modern
institutions or like those of other ancient nations. The relationship was closer to an employer
and employee, necessitated due to the poverty of one person. A slave was not somehow a
lesser person. An owner could not treat a slave in an abusive manner. A person went free after
the “contract” was fulfilled, unless he chose to remain a servant.

2.) Cases involving homicides (21:12-17). Assaulting a person was a dangerous matter.
Premeditated murder required the death penalty. Other offenses against persons could be paid
for. Verbal and physical assaults against a parent were particularly evil in part because of the
nurture and sacrifice of parents. In fact, any injury short of death could be made right.

3.) Cases involving bodily injuries (21:18-32). Punishment of slaves had limits. Freedom
was granted a slave due to severe injuries no matter how much money he still owed. Anyone
injuring a pregnant woman or her child had to pay for their healing. If either died, the death
penalty was required. An owner of an animal might be held responsible for bodily injuries if the
animal was known to be a threat to life and limb.

4.) Cases involving property damages (21:33-22:15). Responsibility extended to
property. Dangerous situations might bring loss and the need for payment. A thief had to make
restitution, including an extra amount to cover for the work use of an animal. Borrowing an
animal or item gave the borrower additional responsibilities for any damage done.

5.) Cases involving society (22:16-31). Family and relationships between people formed
the basis for national well-being. Consensual pre-marital sex, sorcery, bestiality, mistreatment
of the weaker members of society, and dishonoring leaders were destructive. All relationships
were lived in light of God’s blessing. The people owed him their tithes. Modern experts are
uncertain about some of these laws and their placement. A good example is the prohibition
against eating the meat of an animal torn by wild beasts. The law may have to do with health
issues, but its placement with other cases involving people is puzzling. Perhaps the fear is being
responsible for passing on illness to a neighbor.

56 The outline for this section is taken from Kaiser, Ethics, 97.

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