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snore /sn:>:/ breathe in a noisy way when you are
sleeping: My husband was snoring so loudly I couldn't
get to sleep. m be able to, be supposed to, be allowed to,
have trouble sle.eping find it difficult to sleep well: modal verbs (1) 2A , p15
I've had trouble sleeping since I lost my job.
• can, must, have to, should and ought to are modal verbs.
have insomnia not be able to get to sleep: A lot of
people in the UK have insor:nnia. • We use can and be able to to talk about ability or possibility:
take a sle.eping pill take a pill that helps you sleep: People can get their best ideas when they're doing nothing.
When I can't get to sleep, I often take a sleeping pill.
We're able to continue working when we're travelling.
have a dre•am have stories and pictures in your head
while you are sleeping: I had a very strange dream last • We use be supposed to to say a person is expected to do
night. something: In the UK people are supposed to have a break
•
have a nightmare have a frightening dream: I had every four hours.
.
a terrible nightmare last night.
. • We use be allowed to and can to say we have permission to do
be a light/heavy sleeper be someone who wakes up
easily/doesn't wake up easily: Carla's a very heavy something : Some French employees are allowed to begin their
sleeper - nothing can wake her up. weekend at 3 p.m. on Thursday. In some American companies,
have a nap have a short sleep in the day: My dad employees can sleep whenever they want.
always has a nap after lunch. Also: take a nap • We use must and have to to say something is necessary: Rob
says he must take more time off work. Lots of people have to take
m Gradable and strong adjectives; work home.

adverbs 2C p19 • We use should and ought to to give advice: People should only
work 35 hours a week. We ought to spend more time relaxing.
• Strong adjectives already include the idea of very,
for example, brilliant means 'very good'. TIPS• We can use have to or have got to to say that something is
necessary: I have to work tonight. = I've got to work tonight.
gradable adjectives strong adjectives
Have got to is very common in spoken English.
good brilliant, fantastic
• Must and have to have very similar meanings in their positive form:
bad terrible, awful /:>:fall
I must go. = I have to go. Have to is more common than must.
1
tired exhausted /1g z:>:st1d/, shattered
• We can't use must in the past. To say something was necessary in
big huge /hju:d3/ www.english0905.com
difficult impossible the past, we use had to: I had to go to three meetings yesterday.
•
frightened terrified
• • POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND QUESTION FORMS
surprised amazed
• • • We use the infinitive after can, must, have to, should, ought to,
1
tasty delicious /d1 hJds/ be able to, be allowed to and be supposed to .
•
small tiny /tami/
• Can, must, should and ought to are the same for all subjects.
cold freezing
•
hot boiling positive negative question
be·autiful gorgeous /g:>:d3ds/
• I can go . I can't go. Can Igo?
!Jig enormous
You must go. You mustn't go. (Must you go?)
interested fascinated
•
angry furi~us /fj:>:rids/ He should go. He shouldn't go. Should he go?
• We ought to go . We ought not to go. (Ought we to go?)
happy delighted
• •
dirty filthy /f1l8i/ • We make negatives and questions of have to by using the auxiliaries
• We can use the adverbs fairly, very, extremely and do and does: I don't have to go.; Does she have to go?, etc.
incredibly with gradable adjectives, but not with • We make negatives and questions of be able to, be allowed to, be
strong adjectives: very good not 'l-ery fantastic; supposed to by changing the form of the verb be: He isn't able to
incredibly hot not incredibly boiling, etc. come. You aren't allowed to go. What are we supposed to do?
• Fairly is less strong than very. Incredibly and extremely TIP • We don't usually use ought to in its question form. We usually use
are stronger than very. Do you think ... instead: Do you think I ought to call him?
• We can use absolutely with strong adjectives, but not
MUSTN'T OR DON'T HAVE TO
gradable adjectives: absolutely terrified not absolutely
• We use don't have to to say something isn't necessary: You don't
frightened, etc.
have to wear a suit to work, but you can if you want to.
• We can use really with both gradable and strong
• We use mustn't to say something is not allowed: You mustn't send
adjectives: really tired, really exhausted, etc.
personal emails from the office. You can only send work emails.
TIP• These strong adjectives also mean very good:
TIP • To say something wasn't necessary in the past, we use didn't
amazing, excellent, fabulous, incredible, marvellous,
have to: I didn't have to work yesterday. not/ hadn't to work yesterday.
superb, terrific, wonderful .

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