Page 303 - Atlas of Small Animal CT and MRI
P. 303
Developmental Disorders 293
Figure 3.1.16 Vascular Anomaly (Canine) CT
(b) CT+C, TP (c) CT+C, TP
(a) DX+C, VD (d) CT+C, TP (e) GP, VENT
3y FS German Shorthair Pointer with a 1‐month history of ataxia and collapsing. A complex tubular contrast‐filling defect is seen within
the cervical subarachnoid space on a conventional myelographic examination (a: arrowheads). A complex of dilated, coiled blood vessels
is seen in the cervical region on a CT myelogram following intravenous contrast administration. Vessels within and external to the verte
bral canal cause spinal cord displacement and compression (b–d: arrowhead). Selective angiography (not shown) revealed absence of
the right subclavian artery, causing redirected arterial flow from the left vertebral artery through the vertebral canal to the right side.
Postmortem examination documented the extent of vascular dilation and impingement on the cervical spinal cord (e: arrows). Westworth
et al 2006. Reproduced with permission from Wiley.
51
References dogs: results of radiographic, myelographic and magnetic reso
nance imaging investigations. Vet Rec. 2005;156:601–605.
1. Tsou PM, Yau A, Hodgson AR. Embryogenesis and prenatal devel 7. Dewey CW, Marino DJ, Loughin CA. Craniocervical junction
opment of congenital vertebral anomalies and their classification. abnormalities in dogs. N Z Vet J. 2013;61:202–211.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980:211–231. 8. Cerda‐Gonzalez S, Dewey CW. Congenital diseases of the crani
2. Westworth DR, Sturges BK. Congenital spinal malformations in small ocervical junction in the dog. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim
animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010;40:951–981. Pract. 2010;40:121–141.
3. Grimme JD, Castillo M. Congenital anomalies of the spine. 9. Cerda‐Gonzalez S, Dewey CW, Scrivani PV, Kline KL. Imaging
Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2007;17:1–16. features of atlanto‐occipital overlapping in dogs. Vet Radiol
4. Lappalainen AK, Salomaa R, Junnila J, Snellman M, Laitinen‐ Ultrasound. 2009;50:264–268.
Vapaavuori O. Alternative classification and screening protocol for 10. Middleton G, Hillmann DJ, Trichel J, Bragulla HH, Gaschen L.
transitional lumbosacral vertebra in German shepherd dogs. Acta Magnetic resonance imaging of the ligamentous structures of the
Vet Scand. 2012;54:27. occipitoatlantoaxial region in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound.
5. Done SH, Drew RA, Robins GM, Lane JG. Hemivertebra in the 2012;53:545–551.
dog: clinical and pathological observations. Vet Rec. 1975;96: 11. Parry AT, Upjohn MM, Schlegl K, Kneissl S, Lamb CR. Computed
313–317. tomography variations in morphology of the canine atlas in dogs
6. Penderis J, Schwarz T, McConnell JF, Garosi LS, Thomson CE, with and without atlantoaxial subluxation. Vet Radiol Ultrasound.
Dennis R. Dysplasia of the caudal vertebral articular facets in four 2010;51:596–600.
293