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6XEIDPLO\ 1\PSKDOLQDH                                                                                            billion. Now to be more realistic if only one egg was laid     7KH *OREDO &LWL]HQ 6FLHQFH 3URJUDP

                                                                                                                                     on every two leaves (and not two thousands) it will finally
                                                                                                                                     produce one adult (because of shortage in food supply)
                                                                                                                                     we will get 225 million adults from one hill in the Northern
                                                                                                                                     Negev!.
                                                                                                                                     3.4 - By the end of March all the Malvas were defoliated
 #
                                                                                                                                     (illustr. 14) losing about half a billion leaves to the hungry
                                                                                                                                     larvae and by mid-April the biotope was practically without                   Website: www.butterflymigration.org
                                                                                                                                     adults. At this biotope the loss to four types of parasitoids
                                                                                                                                     (det. Mark Shaw) was estimated to be ~ 5% that reduced   - The program was initiated in 2018 by Gerard Talavera and
                                                                                                                                     the size of the swarm to “only” 213 million adults.     Roger Vila with students and members of their research
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 10 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Magenta
                                                                                                                                                                                       labs at the Botanical Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC)
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 10 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Yellow
 #21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 10 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Black
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 10 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Cyan
                                                                                                                                     1HZ  WHFKQLTXHV  RI  WUDFLQJ  RULJLQ  RI  PLJUDQWV using   and the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE, CSIC-UPF)
                                                                                                                                     natural hydrogen isotope ²H (Deuterium) in adult’s wings   in Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain), thanks to a National
                                                                                                                                     and pollen on their bodies (Talavera, 2018; Suchan  el   Geographic grant.
                                                                                                                                     al., 2018) should be implemented for the Levant’s cardui   - The main goal of the program is “to establish a global
                                                                                                                                     migrants. The first several hundreds dry specimens of   network of monitoring sites to report temporal presence/
                                                                                                                                     migrating cardui that were collected during spring-summer   absence of V. cardui, both for breeding and adults. To have
                                                                                                                                     2019 huge  cardui migration and sent to Barcelona at   as many people and countries involved as possible. To run
                                                                                                                                     the beginning of the  cardui citizen science program to   rather simple and non-demanding tasks near their houses,
                                                                                                                                     investigate their origins using the mentioned techniques   like visiting hostplant plots to count for possible presence/
                                                                                                                                     may confirm the hypothesis of potential origins “in parts   absence of caterpillars and/or to climb a little hill to report
                                                                                                                                     of the Middle East and Arabia” (Talavera pers. comm. to   presence/absence of butterflies hilltopping. These tasks
                                                                                                                                     DB), while two Painted Ladies collected by DB N Marsa   should regularly be done once every two weeks.”
                                                                                                                                     Alam, E Egypt in the Red Sea W coast on 23-25 March   - Until the beginning of the corona shut-down, the citizen
                                                                                                                                     2016, originated from the horn of Africa (Somaliland –   science program received about 2500 specimens from
                                                                                                                                     Djibouti) and Arabia (Talavera et al., 2018).     around 20 countries, but have got >8000 specimens in
                                                                                                                                                                                       their collection.
                                                                                                                                     Cardui VZDUP QLJKW PLJUDWLRQ (Benyamini & Ro’e, 2019).   - During the corona plague the number of observers
                                                                                                                                     At mid-night between 31 March to 1 April 2019 Yocheved   decreased and the program mostly missed spring 2020,
                                                                                                                                     Ro’e (66) a retired teacher and  member of Jordan River   but most of the monitoring sites were able to continue.
                                                                                                                                     springs valley butterfly monitoring community was driving   - As they started to come out of the corona crisis they
                                                                                                                                     her Mazda 3 home eastwards along the Yarmouk River   continued with other funding in their labs, getting a new
                                                                                                                                     when she entered a swarm of migrating  cardui. They   grants to promote the program at longer term, and will
                                                                                                                                     were flying westwards against and over her car one to two   do important implementations in a website platform, the
                                                                                                                                     meters above ground, some collided with her car leaving   phone APP, and will try to increase the contacts in many
                                                                                                                                     yellow-orange patches (Mid-night temp. accrd, IMS was   countries to implement new permanent monitoring sites.
                                                                                                                                     9°C). Arriving home at Nov S Golan Heights, she wrote this   - They are moving forward towards incorporating other
                                                                                                                                     record in her diary (she did not photograph the butterflies).   species too. For example they include 50 species in their
                                                                                                                                     On the 2nd of April at 19:30 early evening driving on the   mobile app:  http://www.butterflymigration.org/app.html
                                                                                                                                     Golan Heights road 98 southwards between Tel Saki and   - Finally the organizers highlight that this is not another
                                                                                                                                     Ramat Magshimim she observed migrants again but   monitoring program like others that already exist, but they
                                                                                                                                     this time these were singletons flying every 100 to 500   are focusing here in three novelties: 1) breeding data (to
                                                                                                                                     m northwards against her car. She thought that people   study where and when the species breed to account for
                                                                                                                                     will not believe her and on the 3rd of April took her son   reproductive habitat, since adults could just be on the
                                                                                                                                     Ariel with her. And indeed driving southwards from Nov at   move, 2) They put special emphasis in the importance of
                                                                                                                                     20:30 passing Kfar Haruv they saw again the butterflies   reporting absence data, and 3) They promote monitoring
                                                                                                                                     flying about two meters above ground. On the 5th of April   permanent breeding sites and hilltops.
                                                                                                                                     Yocheved and her son joined DB to show him the places
                                                                                                                                     of the night migration. We stopped S of Kfar Haruv and   A big advantage of this program is that by collecting
                                                                                                                                     Ariel showed him the direction of the  cardui migrants;   simple and easy-to-get records of presence – absence
                                                                                                                                     they were coming from South-East (the Yarmouk River)   larvae (breeding sites) and adults across many countries
                                                                                                                                     and proceeded to North-West, again singletons every 100-  and seasons they open the door to analyse hundreds of
                                                                                                                                     200 meters. From the peak swarm of the first night the   records, produce monthly maps of suitable reproductive
                                                                                                                                     migration dwindled quickly and disappeared after three   habitats, and therefore trace migratory movements -
                                                                                                                                     more nights. The easterly direction where they came from   presented by Menchetti, Guéguen & Talavera in their
                                                                                                                                     suggesting Jebel Hauran (The Druze Mountain) at the   break-through research paper in proceedings of The Royal
                                                                                                                                     fare SE of the Golan Heights and the Syrian Desert as   Society (2019), entitled “Spatio-temporal ecological niche
                                                                                                                                     their source. Appendix I in Benyamini 2017d present only   modelling of multigenerational insect migrations”.
                                                                                                                                     four observations of easterly origin of  cardui migrations
                                                                                                                                     westwards: Nahal Hiyon (N Israel) 10.3.1988; Hermon   A special & thorough paragraph on Butterfly Migration in Vol
                                                                                                                                                                                       I by Uri Pick & Dubi Benyamini will deal with the historical
                                                                                                                                     18.2.2005; Nahal Hemar (S Judean Desert) 5.3.2005 and
                © Moti Dolev                                                                                                         Arad (NE Negev) 2010. 1988, 2005 & 2010 were years of   records in the Levant, the theory of butterfly migration and
                                                                                                                                                                                       the latest discoveries of solving this complex phenomenon.
                                                                                                                                     great cardui migrations.



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           2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   150                                            12/30/2021   4:27:24 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   155                                   12/30/2021   4:27:37 PM
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