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Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper, 1781) Yellow-legged Tortoiseshell                                                    portulacastrum as its nectar sources and Ruellia
                                                                                                                                     brittoniana (Neotropical Acanthaceae, Mexican
                                                                                                                                     Petunia) as its local hostplant, he also noticed that
                    A migrant species, rarely seen in the Levant – recorded                                                          the Kibbutz gardeners were spraying insecticides
                    only once in 1894 at “Eibes” (Akbes), Hatay province, S.                                                         along internal tracks and in gardens surrounding
                    Turkey by Haradjian (Hesselbarth et al., 1995(2): 1013).                                                         buildings to control mosquitos. This activity did not
                    Inhabits deciduous woodland, orchards and river valleys
 #                                                                                                                                   support hierta’s on-going existence and indeed they
                    and is very similar in appearance to N. polychloros, but                                                         hardly survived 2019/20 winter not re-establishing
                    with slightly more intensely orange-coloured upper sides                                                         its population there at least until summer 2021.
                    and a near-white mark inside the black border at the
                    forewing apex, similar to that in Aglais urticae. There is                                                       -RUGDQ  On 17 April 1998 the first Jordanian hierta;
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 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 11 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Magenta
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                    also a general absence of light markings adjacent to the                          DGXOW  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12  a territorial male that was defending its territory at
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                                                                                          HJJ
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 11 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Yellow
 #21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 11 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Black
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 11 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Cyan
                    black patch on the discal area of the hindwing upper sides.                 lar v a                              Wadi Dana (Lower Dana Reserve, Edom Mt) 580                              DGXOW
                                                                             pupa
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                                                                                           DGXOW
                    Palpi and legs are buff-coloured, unlike N. polychloros in                         HJJ  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12  m against  Melitaea telona Territorial males were                         HJJ  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
                                                                                                                                                                                                     lar v a
                                                                                  lar v a
                    which they are dark brown or black. Female rejects the            pupa                                           observed by Ofir Tomer and collected by DB – illusrt.            pupa
                    advance of male by flapping her wings continuously and                                                           3. It happened a few days after the arrival of a Red
                    raising her abdomen (DB pers. obs.). In the last decade                                                          Sea Trough (RST) tropical storm and the blossoming
                    the species expended in Europe to S Finland and SW                                                               Tamarix nilotica trees in the wadi were “covered”
                    Sweden where it became intermittently resident. In 2014                                                          by hundreds nectaring V. cardui and a few J. hierta
                    it expanded unprecedentedly westwards to areas never                                                             while D. chrysippus and H. misippus (two males and
                    recorded before; Netherlands, N Belgium and SE U.K.
                                                                                                                                     a female) were flying around. Five weeks later; on 21
                                                                                                                                     May on the west side of Gebel Rum 1085 m, S Jordan,
                    %LRORJ\                                                                                                          a worn female that arrived with mid April’s RST was        3                         2
                                                                                                                                     still alive flying with ~ 50% of its wing’s remains –   Jordan, Edom, Dana Reserve,  Israel, C Jordan Valley, Tirat Tzvi,
                                                                                                                                     illustr. 4 (Benyamini, 2002a).                         580 m, 17.4.1998        -219 m (bsl), 2.6.1994
                    )OLJKW SHULRG  in Europe - May to September.
                                                                                                                                     /HEDQRQ  The historic record of its existence near
                    /LIH KLVWRU\  elsewhere - univoltine. Eggs are laid in large                                                     Beirut ca 1914, when a series of migrants were
                    clusters or piles of 150-200 on young twigs, usually                                                             collected by Brother Cremona, is the only record of
                    close to developing buds. The larvae eclose after 10                                                             its appearance in Lebanon more than 100 years
                    days, they grow quickly and reach 5th instar after two                                                           ago. Larsen (1974: 115 and plate 113) presented a
                    weeks. Mature larva is largely black, heavily marked                                                             worn male of this series in coll. American University
                    with yellow-white spotting and with long black spines                                                            of Beirut (possibly more specimens in coll. Talhouk),
                    on each segment; head is black and prolegs brown. The                                                            and added:  “It is not clear if the specimens collected    1                         4
                    pupa is light brown, very similar in appearance to  N.                                                           in Lebanon were migrants or were accidental        S Sinai, Wadi Tlach (W. Itlah),   Jordan, Gebel Rum,
                    polychloros, and suspends similarly by rear cremaster.      N. x. fervescens Stichel, 1908                       introduction“. However in its 2018’s summer           1400 m, 25.5.74           1085m, 21.5.1998
                    Adults hibernate in winter to next spring (Warecki, 2010:                                                        establishment in Israel it expanded northwards                  Dry-season migrants
                    107; Lafranchis et al., 2015: 432)
                                                                                                                                     along E Mediterranean coast and a specimen
                                                                                                                                     was photographed in Haifa N Israel, only 33 km
                    5HFRUGHG KRVWSODQWV  in Europe: Ulmaceae –Ulmus spp.,                                   © Dubi Benyamini         off the Lebanese border. It is quite possible, that
                    Celtis australis; Salicaceae - Salix spp.; Anacardiaceae -                                                       the long unstable political situation in S Lebanon,
                    Pistacia integerrima.
                                                                                                                                     prevents any butterfly scientific research there, thus
                                                                                                                                     overlooking potential  hierta  migrants’ appearance
                    'LVWULEXWLRQ                                                                                                     along S. Lebanese coast N of Naqoura.
                                                                                                                                     $UDELDQ  3HQLQVXOD   Common and permanent in
                    TL: “Leipzig, Wien”. Distributed from S Finland, E Europe   © Adam Warecki              © Adam Warecki
                    and N Greece through C Asia to Siberia, Mongolia, Korea                                                          SW Arabian Asir and Yemen to Dhofar; the source
                    and China to Japan. In S Turkey, N Levant, Transcaucasia,                                                        of the Levant’s migrants. Larsen (1982) observed
                    N Iraq, N Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, N Pakistan, N                                                         egg laying on  Barleria apressa in Yemen, Pittaway
                    India, S Tibet, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to                                                         (1985) recoded it year round in SW/W Arabia and
                    S and E Kazakhstan as N. x. fervescens (Stichel, 1908)                                                           added  Blepharis ciliaris to its LHP’s list.  Hierta’s
                    (Hesselbarth  et al., 1995(2): 1013; Bozano & Floriani,                                                          smaller distribution than J. orithya in the peninsula
                    2012: 12).                                                                                                       is possibly because it “does not appear to have
                                                                                                                                     adapted to oasis conditions as successfully as the
                                                                                                                                     other species (orithya)” (Larsen, 1983: 428).
                                                                               © Adam Warecki               © Adam Warecki                                                                       African wet-season specimens
                                                                                                                                     Flight is rapid, close to the ground and difficult to
                                                                                                                                     follow. When at rest on the ground with wings closed,        J. h. cebrene Trimen, 1870
                                                                                                                                     the neutral underside wing coloration ensures  J.
                                                                                                                                     hierta is well camouflaged, but when it basks with flat
                                                                                                                                     open wings its black-yellow typical warning coloration
                                                                                                                                     seems to be highly effective against predators. The
                                                                                                                                     male shows typical territorial behaviour, chasing
                                                                                                                                     off intruders before returning to its territory, often
                                                                                                                                     a patch of gravelly ground at the bottom of a wadi.
                                                                              © Dubi Benyamini              © leah Benyamini                                                                                                   © Dubi Benyamini
              166                                                                                                                                                                                                                        171
           2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   166                                            12/30/2021   4:28:01 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   171                                   12/30/2021   4:28:16 PM
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