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Melitaea deserticola Oberthür, 1909 Desert Fritillary edges, water puddles, carrion and excreta. error.

0OOHULDQ PLPLFU\ where both model and mimic are VO sea level.
inedible, distasteful or harmful.
A species of deserts and semi-desert Irano-Turanian resume eating in mid-February 2001. The mature larva PXW²FRP refers to lycaenid/ant association, VS species (singular).
VSS species (plural).
areas that migrates into the Mediterranean areas. is 25 mm long black, the spines, prolegs and head are specifically where an association is intermediate in 631, Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel.
Flight is distinct and higher than other congeners. orange with black hairs, resembling larva of Melitaea ecological outcome, i.e. in terms of being mutualistic V V sensu stricto (in the strict sense).
Usually a local species that patrols tracks, hillsides and telona. Pupates on the hostplant. The pupa is 13.5 mm
# or ‘commensalic’ (neutral), or is insufficiently well VVS subspecies (singular).
wadis (ravining) in the vicinity of its hostplants. Males long pale bluish-grey and spotted with black and a little known (after Fiedler, 2006). VVSS subspecies (plural).
hilltop awaiting females. M. deserticola northern world yellow, hatches after 9-11 days (DB breeding notes). 0<$ million years ago. VXEI subfamily(ies)
distribution limit (as ssp. macromaculata) in N Levant’s P\UPHFRSKLORXV having a positive, close association 6: south-west.
Lebanese and Anti-Lebanese Mt ranges is reflected in Rated as VU (Vulnerable in Sinai, assessed as B2) by with ants. V\PSDWU\ ULF the presence of two or more (usually
adult’s wing size; in C Levant the average forewing costal Gilbert & Zalat (2007: 109). P\UPHFR[HQHV lycaenid larvae that lack a DNO have overlapping) populations in the same area.
21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 14 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Magenta
21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 14 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Yellow
#21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 14 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Black
21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 14 - B | 22-01-02 | 12:34:18 | SR:-- | Cyan
length in Israel (21.65 mm) and Jordan (20.92 mm) been termed myrmecoxenous. V\Q synonym.
reduce to 18.9 mm in Mt Hermon and 18.08 mm in the 5HFRUGHG KRVWSODQWV Scrophulariaceae - Anarrhinum P\UPHFR[HQRXV see above. V\QDQWKURSLF benefitting from association with human
Sinai uplands where they are lighter (illustr. 1). Ssp scotti forskahlii * [S] – illustr. 3, A. orientalis, A. pubescens habitats.
that flies in western Saudi Arabia is also small at 18.1 [S], Kickxia aegyptiaca [M] – illustr. 4, Linaria and
mm. In all its populations, specimens of the first brood Antirrhinum spp.; Plantaginaceae: Plantago spp. ? N north. tKDQDWRVLV feigning death.
are larger than those of later broods. The average wing *; Resedaceae: Randonia africana (Tarrier, 2001, in Q new WKHUPRUHJXODWLRQ a process by which optimal body
length of the females is larger than the males by 2.62 Morocco). 1DKDO 1DNKDO wadi or river, in Hebrew. temperature is regulated, e.g. orientation to the sun
mm in Sinai and 2.05 mm in C Levant (Israel + Jordan) *- A. forskahlii and/or Plantago lanceolata are possibly 1( north-east. and appression of wings to warm substrates.
– see Table 1. the LHP of Mt Hermon’s population.
1+08. Natural History Museum, UK (London). 7/ Type Locality.
11( north-north-east. 72 V ‘a pair of epidermal tubes located on the dorsum
%LRORJ\ 'LVWULEXWLRQ QRPLQRW\SLFDO QRPLQDWH when a species is split of the eighth abdominal segment of many lycaenid
into subspecies, the originally described population caterpillars. The TOs are everted when the larvae
)OLJKW SHULRG mid-February to November from – 250 m TL: Biskra, Algeria. Distributed is south Mediterranean, is retained as the ‘nominotypical (or ‘nominate’) are stimulated by ants or, in some species, when the
subspecies’ and the species’ name is repeated, e.g.
caterpillars crawl about or are disturbed’ (Fiedler,
(or lower) in lower Jordan Valley and wadis descending ranging from Morocco and the mountains of the Sahara Papilio demodocus demodocus. A subspecies cannot 1991).
to the Dead Sea to the Anti-Lebanon (Mt Hermon) at to Egypt, Sinai, NW/SW & S Arabia, Jordan, Israel, be recognized in isolation: a species will either be WURSKDOOD[LV the mutual or unilateral transfer of food or
1700+ m in Israel; late March to mid-July+, sl-1800+ Lebanon and Syria, scarce in Mt Hermon. Its northern recognized as having no subspecies at all or two or other fluids mouth-to-mouth (stomodeal) or anus-to-
m in Lebanon (Larsen, 1974: 127; Merit, X. & V., 2004 distributional limit is in the TL of M. d. macromaculata more (including any that are extinct), never just one. mouth (proctodeal), among colony members of social
& 2008); April & August, 800-1500 m in Anti-Lebanon, in Bscherré, N Lebanon latitude 34°15’ N. Unrecorded 13$ Israel Nature and Parks Authority. insects or ‘guests’.
Syria (ten-Hagen, 1995/1996/1998 and pers. comm. from Turkey and Cyprus. An isolated population 1: north-west. WXUJRU in this context, the distension of plant tissue, due
to DB); 1545-1678 m in Al-Lazzab reserve Syrian Anti- exists in Ethiopia. One subspecies flies in the Levant: to internal pressures.
Lebanon (Zarikian & Ghrejyan, 2018); March-June, sl- Melitaea deserticola macromaculata Belter, 1934; TL: O801+ Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
1200 m in Jordan (Benyamini, 2002a; Fabiano, 1998: Near Bscherré, N Lebanon. M. d. scotti Higgins 1941 uQI forewing underside(s).
Larsen & Nakamura, 1983; Katbeh-Bader et al. 2003; TL: Yemen, flies in W & S Arabia ~1000 km S of ssp. pDUDSK\OHWLF a group of species that includes the most XQK hindwing underside(s).
ten-Hagen, 1995 & 1998); mid-February at least until macromaculata (Larsen, 1983; Pittaway, 1985) – illustr. recent common ancestors but does not include all of XQLYROWLQH having one brood per year.
August sl to 2000 m in Sinai (Benyamini, 1984); May- 2. Hemming (1932) identified a female taken on 30 its descendants. XQV undersides.
September in N Egypt & Sinai (“only recorded in Sinai March 1927 in Ain Musa, Jordan by Lockhart as M. 3&2V pore cupola organs (small glandular structures XSI forewing upperside(s).
since 1970”) (Gilbert & Zalat, 2007: 109). In Arabia didyma casta Kollar, but Higgins (1941) and Larsen & derived from setae). XSK hindwing upperside(s).
reported in March from “The first range of highlands Nakamura, 1983 corrected it to Melitaea deserticola SHUV FRPP personal communication. XSV uppersides.
inland (east) from Haql” (800 m, NW Hejaz, Saudi- macromaculata – illustr. 5. SHUV REV personal observation.
Arabia, Pittaway, 1985 and pers. comm.) but it should SKDUDWH a stage of metamorphosis not usually V 9 HWF wing vein 1 etc.
be found also in the Gebel el-Lawz – G. Dafdaf Mt range representing a finite morphological stage, e.g. a YLFDULDQFH YLFDULDQW where a geographic barrier
of NW Hejaz. Further northwards it was found in Aqaba developed larva overwintering within the egg. separates a group of organisms. Closely related taxa in
(Graves, 1925a – no date); Ssp. scotti (Higgins 1941) SRO\SKDJRXV accepting a range of LHPs belonging to corresponding but separate environments.
was collected by Pittaway “from November to June in more than one plant genus.
both Juniperus and Olea zones of the Asir mountains SRO\YROWLQH having two or more (perhaps unknown or W west.
(1500-2500 m)” and in Taif, N Asir, E Mecca, CW Arabia unspecified) broods per year. ZDGL V dry riverbed(s).
in November and January – illustr. 2 (Pittaway, 1985 & SURWDQGU\ the tendency for males to emerge before
pers comm. to DB).
females. xHULF HQYLURQPHQW a dry environment containing little
water.
/LIH KLVWRU\ polyvoltine, up to three annual broods ‘rDYLQLQJ· UDYLQH SDWUROOLQJ flying at the base of
pending LHP availability, rarely a 4th brood in autumn © Jason Wides ‹ 2ÀU 7RPHU depressions (valley floors), or along hedges or forest Z60 Zoologische Staatssammlung München.
– e.g. a single specimen observation in 21 December margins – a mate location strategy employed by males
2020 at Kfira reserve, near Nataf, Israel (Benyamini & of some species (Tennent, 1995).
Tomer, 2021a). Adults of later broods are much smaller. 5 + relative humidity.
Eggs are light green glossy, 0.9 mm ogive-shaped with [?] possible hostplant or insufficient data.
vertical ribs, laid in small batches on the leaves and [S] preferred hostplant in arid areas (S Israel, S Jordan
stems of LHP. 1.75 mm long L1 hatches after 5-7 days, and Sinai). ~ about.
is light green, semi-transparent, glossy, black hairs, 6 south.
black glossy head, consuming the eggshell for its first 6( south-east. male(s).

meal. Larvae are gregarious feeding on both sides of 6(0 scanning electron microscope. female(s).

the leaves opening “windows” in the epidermis. L1 that VH[XDO GLPRUSKLVP difference in appearance (e.g.
hatched on 17.4.2000 in Shomria N Negev started 12 shape, markings, colour) between male and female
days later, as 10 mm long L3 a 10 months diapause © Dubi Benyamini
members of the same species.
VLF indicates the accurate transcription of an original
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2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd 214 12/30/2021 4:30:31 PM 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd 219 12/30/2021 4:30:45 PM