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 1.  All butterflies in the colour plates are depicted in
 their natural size, upperside (on left) and underside (on
 right). The gender symbol is shown above each butterfly   Distribution map  %XWWHUÁLHV
 with the actual biotope for each taxon shown in the   Name of the Authority           Established
 background.    and year of description  distribution
 2. In this volume, each of the subfamilies is identified

 by a different colour.   Colour by   6FLHQWLÀF           Seasonal/
 Temporary/Migrant
 3. The distribution maps feature:   subfamily  name
 - Permanent occupation, shown in red.   Common name  of the Levant
 - Temporary incursions (migrations) or historic
   occurrences are shown in faint red.   Pseudochazara mniszechii (Herrich-Schäffer, [1851])  Tawny Rockbrown  IUCN
 conservation
 - A question mark indicates possible occurrence;   Pseudochazara mniszechii in the Levant is known only   category
   usually used between known populations.   ? ?  from the Amanos Mts., S Turkey, were it is common. Fly   Behaviour
 in dry rocky areas  (Atahan et al., 2018: 86), on 24 June
      DW  .L]LOGDø       P 6 $PDQRV 0W LW ZDV Á\LQJ LQ RSHQ
 - A dotted line marks anticipated expansion   FOHDULQJV RI EODFN SLQH IRUHVW  '%   2ÀU 7RPHU SHUV  REV      modules  and nearby areas
 UHSRUWHG E\  7X]RY             LQ ´GU\ FOD\H\ VWRQ\ VORSHVµ
 $GXOWV  WDNH  QHFWDU  IURP  WKH  ÁRZHUV  RI  Carduus nutans,
   or possible presence.   Echinops pungens, Onopdrum anatolicum (Hesselbarth et
 al                  Centaurea VSS  (Asteraceae) and Silene
 compacta  &DU\RSK\OODFHDH                            adult  Life-cycle


 1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12


 9

 1
 9

                       egg
 - Black arrows indicate small localities or point to  Biology                lar v a  1    2    3    4    5     6  7  8  8     9   10  1    1  12  activity
          pupa
   the species’ occurrence beyond the range of the   Flight period:  -XQH     6HSWHPEHU   IURP        WR        P   periods.
 (Atahan et al.,              -XO\ $XJXVW IURP      WR      P
   distribution map.    7X]RY
 Life history:  XQLYROWLQH   WKH  HJJV  DUH  ODLG  VLQJO\  DQG  DUH
 Maps were based on data gleaned from literature   ZKLWH  EDUUHO VKDSHG ZLWK    YHUWLFDO ULEV  /  KDWFKHV DIWHU   black margins
      GD\V  FD   PP ORQJ  OLJKW EURZQ ZLWK VSDUVH ZKLWH KDLUV
 DQG D GDUN PLG GRUVDO VWULS  7KH ODUYDH IHHG DW QLJKW  'XULQJ
 and butterfly collections (private and museum),   the day they hide at the base of the LHP. The mature larva   indicate aestivation
 LV  FKXQN\          PP  ORQJ   JUH\LVK EURZQ   ZLWK  PLG GRUVDO
 OLQH RI EODFN VHJPHQWV  VXE GRUVDO ZKLWLVK EDQGV ZLWK WLQ\
 correspondence with professional lepidopterists and   UHGGLVK VKRUW VWULSV DQG ORQJLWXGLQDO VLGH EOXLVK JUH\ EURDG   or diapausing
 VWULSV  IRXU RI WKHP SURFHHG RQ WKH IRUHKHDG  7KH VKRUW WDLOV
 periods.
 DUH RII ZKLWH  3XSDWLRQ WDNHV SODFH D IHZ FP EHORZ VXUIDFH LQ
 the authors’ data banks (DB and 4D MicroRobotics for   VRIW VRLO  7KH SXSD LV OLJKW UHGGLVK EURZQ  7KH DGXOW HFORVHG   Southern Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel,
 after 4 weeks (Hesselbarth et al
 the Eastern Mediterranean and Egypt, EJ for Cyprus).  Recorded hostplants: Poaceae (Gramineae) - Festuca ovina   Natural
 (Atahan et al., 2018: 86). Poa annua, P. pratensis (Tuzov,

 4. Life-cycle periods are shown for adult, egg, larval   Distribution  biotope  Jordan, Egypt, Sinai & North-West Saudi Arabia
 and pupal stages. Dark green indicates known activity,   7/  ´9RQ 7RNDW LQ .OHLQDVLHQµ  $QDWROLD  7XUNH\   'LVWULEXWHG   ‹ 'XEL %HQ\DPLQL
 IURP  1   *UHHFH  WR  7XUNH\   6  *HRUJLD   $UPHQLD  DQG  1  ,UDQ
  1D]DUL                  DEVHQW  IURP  6\ULD   /HEDQRQ   ,VUDHO
 light green estimated (or data from outside the Levant)   &\SUXV  -RUGDQ DQG 6LQDL   7KH QRPLQRW\SLFDO VVS  ÁLHV LQ WKH   Life-cycle
 Levant.
 and dark green with black margins, diapausing/  © Adam Warecki  © Adam Warecki  © Adam Warecki  stages and
 aestivation periods. Our data is based upon (known)   hostplant(s)
 past and present records but, as elsewhere in the
 © Adam Warecki  © Adam Warecki
 world, a changing climate may influence the timing of   male &
 life-cycle events in the future; in short winters, adults   female
 may hatch weeks or even months ahead of their known   in nature
 past records.    © Adam Warecki  ‹ 2ILU 7RPHU  ‹ 0HKHPHW *ƺO
 5. Despite major efforts by the author in attempting to   118
 breed all butterflies found in the Levant, several are   Male   Female
 rare, recent arrivals or pose problematic access to their
 breeding areas. Nothing is presented for those species   Vol. III
 where early stages are unknown (except F.P.), but on a
 few occasions where early stages are known for another   1\PSKDOLGDH
 subspecies (or a similar species) we use alternative   Upperside  Underside
 photographs, denoting these with a narrow green frame.         Libytheinae, Danainae, Chraxinae,
 6. The sample page on right provides explanations for
 titles and notations.    Satyrinae,  Limenitidinae, Bibilidinae,
                                    Heliconiinae, Nympalinae,
 $EEUHYLDWLRQV XVHG IRU KRVWSODQW SUHIHUHQFHV
 [M] - main/preferred; [C] - cultivated; [S] - southern arid areas; [?] - possible hostplant; [L] - captivity, lab.
 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 8QLRQ IRU &RQVHUYDWLRQ RI 1DWXUH  ,8&1  5HG /LVW &DWHJRULHV
 In this series of books (Vols. I-IV), we adopt the IUCN listings of
 conservation categories as defined in van Swaay et al. (2010).   Regionally Extinct  Least Concern
 Of 11 notations, we use nine including:
 ‘'Regionally Extinct’ (RE), ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR),   Critically Endangered  Data Deficient
 ‘Endangered’ (EN), ‘Vulnerable’ (VU), ‘Near Threatened’ (NT),   Dubi Benyamini
 ‘Least Concern’ (LC), ‘Data Deficient’ (DD), ‘Not Applicable’   Endangered  Not Applicable
 (NA) and ‘Not Evaluated’ (NE).
                           English editors: Eddie John & Arthur M. Shapiro
 We use  categories as defined in Numa et al. (2016) for those   Vulnerable  Not Evaluated
 Mediterranean butterflies found in the Levant, showing these in
 black, e.g. ‘LC’. However, where the conservation status in the   Least Concern   Design Leah Benyamini
 (Mediterranean
 Levant (specifically Israel) differs, we follow that given in the   Near Threatened  assessment)
 Israeli Red List Assessment (in prep.) denoting this in green,   Mediterranean assessment (Numa et al., 2016) – in black lettering.
 the colour used also for non-Mediterranean species, e.g. ‘LC’.   Levant (Israeli Red Book) assessment – in green lettering.
 14
 14
 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   14  12/30/2021   4:20:16 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   3  12/30/2021   4:20:06 PM
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