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Hipparchia   fatua  (Freyer, 1844)                           Freyer's Grayling                            6                                                                          L1  Larva

                                                                                                                                                              H. f. fatua
                   A local species of hills and mountains, where it may be   September and 9 October, and 30 eggs were laid from 27
                   found in forested and rocky areas. H.  fatua rests on the   September to 17 October 1980 by another. Hesselbarth et                        7UDQVLWLRQ ]RQH  3
                   ground, on stones or on tree trunks, with wings closed and,   al., (1995(2): 914, reported the laying of 60 eggs from 3
                   like its congeners, reacts instantly to any disturbance.   to 20 October by a gravid female taken to Germany, having                                                                                         © Stav Talal
 #                                                                                                                                                            H. f. sichaea
                   Flight is vigorous. During the summer months, male and   been caught in mid-August near Izmir W Turkey. Eggs are                                                                     L1 Larva
                   female H. fatua have been observed to aestivate together,   laid singly under leaves and stems of dry grasses, and are
                   resting as pairs on trunks of  Pinus spp. and  Ceratonia   white when laid 0.8-1.1 mm high, 0.7-0.9 mm in maximum
                   siliqua (Schwartz-Tzachor, 2005a). Adults are attracted to   diameter and barrel-shaped with 16-18 vertical ribs (12-
                   fermenting fruit, are known to mud puddle, rarely nectaring   17 ribs in Jutzeler & Russell, 2021). Egg colour changes to                          DGXOW
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 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 6 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Magenta
                                                                                                                                                          HJJ  1  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10  11  12
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 6 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Yellow
                   on  Medicago sativa,  Urginea maritima and  Lantana   grey or purple before hatching. L1 emerges after 7-14 days                 lar v a                                  © Dubi Benyamini                © Dubi Benyamini
 #21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 6 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Black
 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 6 - A | 22-01-02 | 12:34:17 | SR:-- | Cyan
                                                                                                                                             pupa
                   montevidensis and on three occasions observed at tree   (usually after 12) and is 2.5 mm long, brownish-white with                                                                                      L2 & L3 Larvae
                   sap. In the upper Galilee near Sasa N Israel, adults prefer   five darker lines, a thin mid-dorsal line, wider sub-dorsal
                   unique bitopes at the periphery of Oak’s shade where their   lines and thin lateral lines. Short setae cover the body,
                   hostplants Piptatherum holciforme thrive around the trees   the head is light brown with black spots and the forked
                   (Ish-Am & Benyamini, 2003 & 2004). On 16 September   tail is relatively short. Part of the eggshell is eaten before
                   2020 at Beit Arye C Israel, a territorial male intercepted a   the L1 moves to the newly sprouting blades of hostplants,                                                                                  © Dubi Benyamini
                   Colotis fausta (Pieridae) from its perch in a hollow of a dry   e.g. perennial Piptatherum spp., when colour changes to
                   stone wall (Benyamini, 2020i)                     green, with longitudinal stripes in shades of green. This is                                                                                              L4 Larva
                                                                     the most critical stage of larval development, as the timing
                                                                     of egg-laying and hatching must coincide with continuing
                   %LRORJ\                                           high temperatures coupled with the advent of autumn                                6 7ƺUN\  6LOLINH  850 m, 9 August 1992
                                                                     rainfall to ensure a supply of fresh grass. In favourable                             H. f. fatua  (Freyer, 1844)
                   )OLJKW  SHULRG  Israel – late April in Ma’ale Efraim,   conditions, early instars develop slowly on warm days                                                                                             © Dubi Benyamini
                   Samarian Desert (200 m) and Nahal Amud, NW Lake of   during autumn and winter, remaining in diapause during                                                                      L5 Larvae
                   Galilee (-100 m), to late October in upper Galilee and Golan   cold periods or in the absence of hostplant growth. The
                   Heights (1200 m) and early November in lower, warmer   mature larva develops in six instars (Jutzeler & Russell,
                   localities; Mt Hermon – late May at 900-1000 m to late   2021) measures up to 45 mm in length and is light brown
                   July at 2000 m and early October at 1200-1550 m; Hatay   with narrow white, dark-brown and reddish-brown lines and
                   – July to November 50-1800 m (Atahan et al., 2018: 74);   a wide, dark brown lateral stripe. Six brown lines extend
                   1678-2029 m at Al-Lazzab reserve Syrian Anti-Lebanon   to the forehead. The larval tail is characteristically forked.
                   (Zarikian & Ghrejyan, 2018); Lebanon – late May on the   Prior to pupation, the larva burrows perpendicularly into
                   Mediterranean coast to 2500 m in mid-August/September   the soil, a process that was observed on 2 April 2013 at     Syria, E Tartus, 1100 m, 28.6.1996  3 3  Syria, Hama, 1000 m, 13.8.1995
                   on Cedar Mts, with peak activity in June-July (Larsen, 1974:    16:20 when, over a period of about 30 minutes, the larva       H. f. fatua/H.f.sichaea (Intermediates)
                   134; DB, pers. obs.); N Jordan – June to November 600-  worked its way into the substrate of soil and grit until the
                   900 m (Katbeh-Bader et al., 2003).                tip of the larval tail was lost to sight –  illustr. 1. Using
                                                                     silk, a flexible subterranean chamber coated with soil
                   /LIH KLVWRU\  univoltine. Attempted courtship was observed   particles is prepared - illustr. 2., but where burrowing is
                   on 1 September 2012, when an unreceptive female was   not possible, the pupa is formed on the surface, beneath
                   seen to be pursued in flight by a male following some 10   litter. The pre-pupa is 20-22 mm long and pinkish-white;
                   cm behind at a height of ca. 20 cm. Upon landing, the   the fresh pupa, 15-17 mm long, is yellowish-white, finally
                   female remained motionless, wings closed, while the male,   turning to reddish-brown and is formed ventral side up,
                   wings fluttering, approached the female head-to-head.   hatching after 4-6 weeks. In late August 2012, three
                   For a period of 12 minutes, the head of the female was   females and eight males were collected in open pine forest
                   enfolded within the male’s vibrating wings, during which   near the Mt Carmel Coast in NW Israel (60-130 m asl, 1   Israel, Mt Hermon, 1200 m, 27.7.1977  Israel, Mt Carmel, 200 m, July 1958
                   time the female’s antennae were raised, seemingly to   km W of Kerem Maharal, lat. 32º38’44’’ N), beginning a                        H.  f .  si ch ae a  Lederer ,   18 5 7
                                                                                                                                                        H. f. sichaea Lederer, 1857
                   avoid contact with the male’s androconia. Flipping of the   10-month breeding experiment in the author’s laboratory.
                   female’s wings denied several further attempts at mating   These were caged and maintained at a constant room
                   when the male then aligned side by side. This was followed   temperature of 25ºC, and provided with mineral water,                                                    © Dubi Benyamini                    © Dubi Benyamini
                   by the female repeatedly crawling in circles (measured   mud, figs and watermelon as nutrients and fresh, potted
                   at ca. 16 cm diameter), before appearing to clear the   Piptatherum miliaceum (Poaceae), the local hostplant.
                   head of androconial scales, using a foreleg (Benyamini,   Courting and mating were observed on 1 September, the
                   2012e). Mating couples were observed between 10:45 to   first egg-laying on 6 September and emergence of first
                   19:45 (shortly after sunset); in captivity, recorded matings   stage larvae on 20 September. Larvae fed at night on the
                   lasted from three and a quarter to four and a quarter   fresh hostplant, retreating by day to the base and emerging
                   hours. Female carries the male  in cop. Females with an   as early as 15:45 to recommence feeding. Rate of larval
                   apparently full complement of eggs were observed on Mt   growth varied, the most precocious growing to 15 mm by                                                                                           © Dubi Benyamini
                   Carmel, N Israel on 19, 27 and 29 September. Egg-laying   16 October, 18 mm by the 18th, 31 mm by the 31st and
                   of wild caught females was recorded from noon between   attaining a maximum length of 45 mm on 5 November.
                   6 September and 17 October, each egg laid in ca. one   There was no sign of the larva after 8 November until it was
                   second. On another occasion, twenty-five infertile eggs   found in its pupal chamber on 15 November. Premature
                   were laid by a female in the first fortnight of October 1978.   development continued, resulting in the adult emerging on
                   The following year, 208 eggs were laid by three females   3 January 2013, after just seven or so weeks in diapause,
                   (only one of which had a full complement) between 22   and three to four months earlier than expected. In contrast,                                                      © Alex Oz                        © Dubi Benyamini


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           2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   88                                             12/30/2021   4:24:04 PM  2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd   89                                    12/30/2021   4:24:14 PM
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