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SEARCH & SEIZURE – AFFIRMATIVE LINK – include any markings of being a police officer—and
CHECKPOINTS – STOP & FRISK. concealed their weapons and badges. The remaining
officer, a uniformed canine handler, was accompanied
Bus stop search. by a trained narcotics-detection canine.

We REVERSE the district court’s decision to grant 1 The district court did not make extensive findings of
Defendant–Appellee Morris Wise’s motion to suppress. fact in either its suppression order or opinion on
Wise was traveling on a Greyhound bus when police suppression. The facts come primarily from the
officers Performed a bus interdiction at a Conroe, Texas suppression hearing testimony of two Conroe Police
bus stop. Officers boarded the Greyhound, and Wise Department officers who questioned and subsequently
aroused an officer’s suspicion. The officer questioned arrested Wise.
Wise about his luggage. Two pieces of luggage were
stored in the luggage rack above Wise’s head. Wise That same day, Morris Wise traveled on Greyhound Bus
claimed only one piece of luggage as his own; no one #6408, which departed Houston, Texas, bound for
claimed the second piece. The officers removed the Chicago, Illinois. At around 8:00 a.m., the bus made a
unclaimed article from the bus, and they determined that scheduled stop at the Conroe station.
the luggage contained cocaine. The officers asked Wise
to leave the bus. He complied. Off the bus, officers After the bus stopped, the driver disembarked. Conroe
asked Wise to empty his pockets. He complied. Wise officers approached the driver and asked for his consent
gave the officers an identification card with the name to search the bus’s passenger cabin. The driver gave his
“Morris Wise” on it. He also gave the officers a lanyard consent. Detectives Randy Sanders and Juan Sauceda,
with keys; one key connected Wise to the backpack. The veterans of the Conroe Police Department with
officers then arrested Wise. narcotics interdiction experience, boarded the bus. The
two were dressed in plainclothes. The remaining three
Wise moved to suppress the evidence that officers found officers waited near the bus. Detective Sauceda walked
in his pockets. Following a suppression hearing, the toward the back of the bus, while Detective Sanders
district court suppressed all evidence obtained during remained at the front. The officers did not block the
the bus search. The district court found that the officers aisle.
had established an unconstitutional checkpoint stop. The
court also concluded that the bus driver did not Detective Sanders noticed Wise pretending to sleep,
voluntarily consent to the bus search. which he found suspicious. In his experience, criminals
on buses often pretend to sleep to avoid police contact.
On September 15, 2011, Conroe Police Department Detective Sanders walked past Wise and turned around.
officers stationed themselves at a Greyhound bus stop Detective Sanders looked back at Wise, only to see that
located in Conroe, Texas, in order to perform bus Wise had turned to look at him. Detective Sanders
interdictions. Bus interdictions typically involve law walked back toward Wise. The detective noticed that
enforcement officers boarding a bus to speak with Wise’s eyes were closed—but his eyelids were tightly
suspicious-looking passengers. The officers aim to clenched, and his eyes darted back and forth beneath his
discover individuals transporting narcotics, weapons, or eyelids.
other contraband. If the officers suspect criminal
activity, they ask a passenger for his identification and Detective Sanders, standing directly behind the seat,
boarding pass; they may also ask whether the passenger asked to see Wise’s ticket. Wise handed Detective
has any luggage with him. During the interdiction, Sanders his ticket. The name on the ticket was “James
passengers may leave the bus. They may also refuse to Smith.” That aroused Detective Sanders’s suspicion; he
speak with officers. thought this “very generic name” may be fake.
Detective Sanders returned the ticket to Wise. He then
That day, five Conroe Police Department officers were asked whether Wise had any luggage. Wise said yes and
present at the Greyhound bus stop. Four officers were motioned to the luggage rack above his head. Wise
dressed in plainclothes—civilian clothes that do not “appear[ed] nervous.”

42 www.texaspoliceassociation.com • 866-997-8282 Texas Police Journal