Page 36 - IELTS Preparation Grammar and Vocab

4 Modals (2)

To draw a conclusion about something happening at a particular past time, saying that it was likely or certain,
we use must have been + present participle
The driver must have been waiting nearby.

2.6 Must be + present participle
We can use must be + present participle to draw a conclusion about something happening around the time of
speaking. We can use must be + present participle or must be going to to draw a conclusion about something
likely to happen in the future
I'll speak to the curator of the museum later. She must be feeling devastated.
They're taking the head cleaner to the police car They must be going to arrest him. or They must be arresting him.
EgiDare and need

He gets annoyed easily, sot daren't criticise him.! A good car needn't cost a lot.
She dared me to jump across. / We need to talk to them.
Dare and need can be used either as modal verbs (+ bare infinitive) or ordinary verbs (+ to-infinitive).

As modals, dare and need are mostly used in negative contexts. We can use either dare to or dare (without to)
when it is not followed by not
But no one would have dared (to) climb up the outside of the building.
I daren't tell him I've got another job. (not 1-dareWt-te461 ...)
We can't include wafter needn't
...)
nccdn't to
We needn't interview everyone in the block (not
2.8 Had better
We can use had better instead of should I ought to, especially in spoken English, to say that we think it is a good
idea (or not) to do something
We'd better find out all we can about that guard as soon as possible
We'd better not go in until the forensic team has finished.
We use should or ought to when we talk about the past or make general comments:
I should! ought to have phoned her earlier.
People should! ought to support the police more. (not PeoPie-haid- b•tter --)

2.9 Be allowed to
We can use could or was/were allowed to to say that in the past someone had general permission to do something
Only the security guard could / was allowed to stay in the museum after it closed.
To talk about permission on a particular occasion, we use was/were allowed to (not could):
Although he had no ID, the man was allowed to enter the building.
In negative sentences we can use either could or was/were allowed to when talking about permission in general
or on particular occasions:
They let reporters into the crime scene, but they couldn't! weren't allowed to take photos.

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