Page 90 - IELTS Preparation Grammar and Vocab

12 Relative clauses (2)

Grammar

lig Participle clauses
SZ

started using an old camera belonging to my father.
The food in photographs used to illustrate cookbooks and magazine articles isn't always entirely authentic.
And then we put in some material to substitute for the food.
We can often reduce a defining relative clause so that it begins with a present participle (-ing), past participle
(-eci), or to-infinitive.

ing clauses correspond to defining relative clauses with an active verb, and -ed clauses correspond to defining
relative clauses with a passive verb:
The editor working on the cookbook or magazine is often there, too. (= The editor who is working ...)
A challenge facing food photographers is how to keep food looking fresh. (= A challenge which faces ...)
The big problem is the heat produced by the lights. (= ... the heat that is produced ...)
Personally, I prefer food not made of cardboard! (= ...food which is not made of cardboard!)
Verbs which are not normally used in continuous forms may be used in reduced relative -ing clauses.
This spray bottle contains glycerine mixed with water (not ... is containing...)
However, we can say:
I generally have with me a spray bottle containing glycerine and water.
Other verbs like this include belong to, comprise, consist of constitute, equal, own, possess, resemble, result from,
surround.
It is not always possible to use a reduced form of a relative clause.
We can't use a reduced form when the first verb in the relative clause is a modal verb:
A technique that might be used in photographing meat is to use a glycerine spray.
Food that can't be frozen is particularly dfficult to photograph.
We can't use an -ing reduced form when we talk about a single, completed action. Compare:
Sometimes the chef who created the dish in their restaurant comes to the studio.
(not ... tke-ehefereating-the-clish ...)
The chef preparing the food today works in a well-known restaurant.
(= The chef who is preparing the food today ...)
Reduced relative clauses can also be used instead of non-defining relative clauses, particularly in written English:
Her photographs, taken in her studio in California ... (= ... which were taken in her studio in California ...)
My parents - not having much money - rarely took us to restaurants. (= ... who didn't have much money ...)
These are usually written between commas (,) or dashes (-).

EH To-infinitive clauses
We often use a to-infinitive clause instead of a relative clause after:
a superlative + noun (phrase):
I was the youngest person in the competition to win any of the major categories.
the first/second, etc + noun (phrase):
She was really the first person to encourage me to take up food photography.
the only / the next I the last I another I one + noun (phrase):
By the time we photograph the food, its completely cold. The only thing to do in that case is to create steam
from elsewhere.

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