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Some Key Terms
Changes!
Bilateral & Multilateral Aid 3
"Bilateral" refers to government to government transfers.
"Multilateral" institutions, such as the World Bank or UNICEF, pool aid from one or more
sources and disperse it among many recipients.
"Aid"
Wikipedia
Brain Drain
Human capital flight refers to the emigration or immigration of individuals who have
received advanced training at home. The net benefits of human capital flight for the
receiving country are sometimes referred to as a "brain gain" whereas the net costs for
the sending country are sometimes referred to as a "brain drain"
"Human Capital Flight”. 4
Wikipedia
Brain circulation is an alternative model to the idea of brain drain 44
The concept of "brain drain" gained popularity as skilled labour from certain countries
emigrated to other countries in search of better opportunities. In India for example, one
witnessed large-scale emigration of engineers from its premier engineering institutes
called IIT (Indian Institute of Technology) in the sixties, seventies and eighties.
The late nineties and the early years of the 21st century however saw large numbers of
these emigrants returning to India as prospects in India improved markedly, brought on
by important economic reforms initiated in the early nineties. Brain circulation can thus
be defined as the circular movement of skilled labour across nations.
"Brain Circulation." 5
Wikipedia
Change Management 6
Change management is a style of management that aims to encourage organizations
and individuals to deal effectively with the changes taking place in their work.
Collins Dictionary
