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Obstacles to progress

Distortions

may be aimed at enhancing personal or organisational reputation or for social and
political purposes – which means it's essential to recognise the many actors wielding

different types of power within humanitarian crises.”
"Preventing Corruption in Humanitarian operations" 393
Transparency International
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Abuse
“ Eighty serious safeguarding incidents reported to regulator since Oxfam scandal

The Department for International Development said its call for assurances from aid
charities had led 26 of them to report these incidents to the Charity Commission “

"Eighty Serious Safeguarding Incidents Reported to Regulator since Oxfam Scandal." 394
THIRD SECTOR March 2018
Cooney, Rebecca.

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An acclaimed American charity said it was saving some of the world's most vulnerable
girls from sexual exploitation. But from the very beginning, girls were being raped.
"Unprotected." 396
ProPublica,( October 2018.)
Young, Finlay.
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Larger INGO and their 'Opportunity cost'

“ When an option is chosen from alternatives, the '''opportunity cost''' is the "cost" incurred

by ''not'' enjoying the benefit associated with the best alternative choice.”
"Opportunity Cost" 397
Wikipedia

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ɡ
m̩
It's important to understand that when an INGO import a 'zuŋ u as part of their in-
country operation, there are several 'opportunity costs'.

At the simplest of levels, the additional costs incurred in bringing, accommodating
m̩
ɡ
and safeguarding the 'zuŋ u are moneys that could be used to pursue the INGO aims.
The 'opportunity cost' comes from not getting the benefit that that amount of extra money

spent on the INGO aims might have produced.
But there are a number of even greater opportunity costs associated with importing
ɡ
ɡ
m̩ 'zuŋ u for INGO in-country roles. Each time an INGO imports a 'zuŋ u for in-country
m̩
operations it sets in motions 2 series of opportunity costs.
 Opportunity Costs for the African state.