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Development Aid

“Izandla ziyagezana” - “Hands Wash Each Other”

“ Officially, China provides eight types of foreign aid: complete projects, goods and
materials, technical cooperation, human resource development cooperation, medical

assistance, emergency humanitarian aid, volunteer programs, and debt relief.
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The bulk of Chinese financing in Africa falls under the category of development finance,
but not aid.

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The billions of dollars that China commits to Africa are repayable, long-term loans.

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Chinese development finance, combined with the aid, aims at not only benefiting the local

recipient countries but also China itself. For example, China's "tied aid" for infrastructure
usually favors Chinese companies (especially state-owned enterprises), while its loans

are in many cases backed by African natural resources.
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In addition to securing Africa's natural resources, China's capital flows into Africa also
create business opportunities for Chinese service contractors, such as construction

companies. According to Chinese analysts, Africa is China's second-largest supplier of
service contracts, and "when we provide Africa assistance of RMB 1 billion, we will get

service contracts worth USD 1 billion (RMB 6 billion) from Africa."
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The intention of China's aid to Africa is benign but not altruistic. “
"China's Aid to Africa: Monster or Messiah?" 465
Sun, Yun. Brookings (blog), (February 2014).
https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/chinas-aid-to-africa-monster-or-messiah/.

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Development Methodology

Readers should understand that there is no absolute agreement on a single methodology

for economic development. Each methodology is a blend of a series of variables such as
(but most definitely not limited to) :

● Ideology-based differences in ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
(e.g. Market Economy, Welfare State, Mixed Economy, Political Economy ...).

● Economic Ideology based differences in the MANAGEMENT of Economies
(e.g. Interventionist, (Public Sector) Deficit Spending...)

● Differing MODELS for optimising Economic Development

(e.g. Big Push Model, Dual Sector model, o-ring theory, Rostow's stages of growth...)