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Changes!

Some Key Findings

 whilst income inequality is a problem in Africa generally, there are 7 African countries where
the level of income inequality is considered to be better than in the UK (and perhaps another
6 African countries which are on a par with UK)

 Individuals in several African nations are considered to enjoy an ‘Economic Freedom’ on a
level equal to the USA

 almost 600 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa have no mains electricity
 Of the 86 countries that are defined as low-income and food-deficient, 43 are in Africa.

 Africa has established regional trading blocs and a continental trading area, with estimates
that this will increase intra-regional trade by 30%

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Africa has its own challenges
 Africa has more than 2,000 spoken languages

 over half of the population of Africa is under 25 years old

 as of 2018, 47 countries are classified as Least Developed Country (LDC), 33 of these are in
Africa
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 there is a long history of m'zuŋ u interventions including involvement in coups,
assassinations, civil war and more recently in state capture
 African economies have been significantly distorted by non-Africans whose motivation for
involvement with Africa is almost always based on ‘exploitation and extraction’
◦ the imposition of Bretton Wood Institution (BWI) demands

◦ Illicit Finance Flows
◦ wilful distortion of the terms of ODA in order to meet donor ‘self-interest’

◦ unequal trade with m’zungu nations

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Underdeveloped Africa

Challenges

 Africa is still dealing with, and will continue to have to confront for several more
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generations, a variety of consequences that are a result of the Atlantic Slave trade, m'zuŋ u
missionaries & the process of colonisation and from the nature and style of colonial rule