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The 20th Century m'zuŋ u Scramble for Independent Africa

"Veni, Vidi, Vici ",Steti - ego adduxit inimici mei"

continental trade, or fight for an Africa free from colonial relics, the CFA franc is an
anachronism demanding orderly and methodical elimination."

"The CFA Franc: French Monetary Imperialism in Africa" 140
Africa at LSE. (Blog) (July 2017)

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France Is Slowly Reclaiming Its Old African Empire
" More than 50 years after granting its colonial empire independence, it seems Paris

cannot keep its nose out of Africa. French military engagement there is much more wide-
ranging than just battling Islamist insurgents in Mali. French forces are active in at least

10 African countries. In May, the government detailed plans to reinforce them, with
regional centers in Chad, Burkina Faso, northern Mali, and Côte d'Ivoire.

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To date, the French have made more than 40 overt military interventions in Africa, often

to protect leaders they like and remove those they don't.

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Robert Bourgi, a Franco-Lebanese lawyer born in Senegal who was the Élysée Palace's

unofficial go-between with African leaders for almost three decades, claims he delivered
bags of cash from African leaders to senior French politicians up to and including

President Jacques Chirac, who left office in 2007."

"France Is Slowly Reclaiming Its Old African Empire." 141
Newsweek ( November 2014)
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The Cold War

“The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the

United States and their respective allies, the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc, after
World War II. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but the period is generally

considered to span the 1947 Truman Doctrine to the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet
Union.”

"Cold War." 142
Wikipedia
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“ Fully recognizing the potential for the remarkable change that African independence
could bring to global politics, on February 3, 1960, Harold Macmillan, prime minister of

Great Britain from 1957 to 1963, delivered his famous speech, "Wind of Change," to the
South African parliament. "The growth of national consciousness in Africa is a political