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The 20th Century m'zuŋ u Scramble for Independent Africa

"Veni, Vidi, Vici ",Steti - ego adduxit inimici mei"

Great Britain and the United States. France also retains the right of first refusal on all
natural resources and privileged access to government contracts. "

"Africa and France: An Unfulfilled Dream of Independence?" 138
Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.

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The CFA franc reforms are more symbolic than transformative
" In 1945, France created the CFA franc as a currency for its colonies. After 75 years, the

CFA is set to be renamed as part of a set of reforms which aim to remove the currency's
most explicit neo-colonial symbolisms. Despite being championed as the end of an era,

these changes are largely symbolic, with France retaining its guardianship over the
region's monetary affairs."

"The CFA Franc Reforms Are More Symbolic than Transformative," 139
Africa at LSE. (Blog) (March 2020)
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The CFA Franc: French Monetary Imperialism in Africa
" Like other colonial empires – the UK, with its sterling zone, or Portugal, with its escudo

zone, France had its franc zone.

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It is a colonial currency, born of France's need to foster economic integration among the
colonies under its administration, and thus control their resources, economic structures

and political systems.

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In October 2016, a group of African and European economists published a book entitled
[in translation] Liberate Africa from Monetary Slavery: Who Profits from the CFA Franc?

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In fact, the terms of the debate are quite simple. The CFA franc is a good currency for
those who benefit from it: the major French and overseas corporations, the executives of

the zone's central banks, the elites wishing to repatriate wealth acquired legally or
otherwise, heads of state unwilling to upset France, etc. But for those hoping to export

competitive products, obtain affordable credit, find work, work for the integration of