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Commentary

and the subsequent savage brutality delivered on Africans who lived in the Congo Free

State otherwise known as the Belgian Congo.

For the background to the above commentary please refer to :

"Age of Discovery." https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Columbian_exchange&oldid=997592797 .title=Age_of_Discovery&oldid=997430031 .

"Columbian Exchange." https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Columbian_exchange&oldid=997592797.
and
"An Economic Rationale for the African Scramble." VoxEU.Org (blog), (July 2015); Frankema, Ewout,

Jeffrey Williamson, and Pieter Woltjer.

"The Causes and Motivations for the Scramble for Africa." Modern World History Textbook;
http://webs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/ModernWorldHistoryTextbook/Imperialism/section_6/
causesmotivations.html.

and

"Leopold II of Belgium - Wikipedia." ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium.

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Colonisation did not bring civilisation to Africa. It meant the imposition of m’zungu
culture and values.

“When one tries to measure the effect of European slave trading on the African continent,
it is essential to realize that one is measuring the effect of social violence rather than
trade in any normal sense of the word. ”

"How Europe Underdeveloped Africa" Walter Rodney (1972)
:
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The m’zungu nations were more technologically advanced than Africans (e.g. magnetic
compass, ship design, telegraphy, malaria medicine, machine guns) especially in weapons of war – but

that’s not the same as being more civilised.

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Over many centuries prior to m’zungu colonisation, Africa had several kingdoms and

empires which exhibited many aspects of governance, culture and societal values which
would be respected in our modern world.