Page 4 - Student Edition Week 21

Week 21 of 32 • Page 4 UNIT: EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION
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REGIONS AND PEOPLE OF THE
Sugar Production and the Slave Trade WESTERN HEMISPHERE
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In the 1400s, Europe traded with Asia for sugar. People children were kidnapped in Africa and taken to the The Effects of Conquest
loved the taste of sugar and paid high prices for it. Sugar Caribbean and South America. Enslaved Africans were The Native Peoples of the Western Hemisphere met their wants and of the Americas were inferior because their ways were different.
is produced from sugarcane. Sugarcane needs a warm sold to plantation owners and forced to work in harsh needs using resources from the land around them. They had vibrant Intolerance caused conflict and the captivity and deaths of
environment to grow. It also needs lots of rain or good conditions without pay or freedom. In Europe, sugar societies and extensive trade routes. They had art, history, and protection many Native Peoples.
irrigation. Europe did not have the right climate to grow became easier to buy as the supply increased. European for their communities. They had government and religion. They fed their The introduction of domesticated animals in the Americas caused
sugar, so they had to trade for it. plantation owners became very wealthy at the expense families by hunting animals and gathering berries, nuts, and fruits. They an imbalance in the ecosystem. Pigs were turned loose to forage in the
When European explorers came to the Americas, of enslaved people. cultivated crops of corn, squash, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, and some forests. The pigs multiplied until there were so many they depleted the
they found a warm, wet climate where sugarcane could grains. They created tools from the resources around them. They traveled vegetation. Other animals that depended on the same vegetation had
grow. Sugarcane grew especially well on islands in the by walking or by using boats on the waterways. nothing to eat.
Caribbean Sea. European colonists realized sugarcane The Europeans used natural resources to create manufactured goods. The horse was a new animal to the Western Hemisphere. The horse
could become a cash crop. A cash crop is a crop people Like the Native Peoples of the Americas, they also had vibrant societies quickly became popular to help the people of the Western Hemisphere
grow to sell and make money. This led to large areas and extensive trade networks. They had art, history, and protection for in their everyday lives. They used horses for transportation and work.
of land being used to grow only one kind of cash crop. their communities. They had government and religion. They fed their Horses became a valuable trade resource. The horses quickly multiplied.
These large farms became known as plantations. families by farming and going to markets. Europeans domesticated Descendants of these horses are still found on the East Coast and in the
It took hard work to grow and harvest sugarcane. animals to keep on their farms. This meant they didn’t have to hunt western lands of the United States.
Sugarcane doesn’t produce seeds. Someone had to for food. They had horses to help with the work on the farms and at The most deadly exchange was unintentional. The Europeans brought
cut hard stalks into pieces by hand and then plant the markets. They cultivated grain crops of wheat, oats, and barley. disease with them. They had developed immunity to many bacteria
them. It was also difficult to get soft sugar out of Europeans developed different modes of transportation. They used and viruses over the centuries. The people of the Americas, however,
the tough stalks. As plantation owners earned more wagons and carts on land and ships on the sea. They manufactured had never been exposed to such deadly germs. Smallpox, tuberculosis,
money from sugar, they looked for ways to get cheap goods out of metal and wood. They used many of their resources to help influenza, and other strains of disease were easily transported by
labor to plant, harvest, and process the sugar. They them explore new places across the ocean. unsuspecting people. Historians estimate that disease killed 90 percent
began enslaving Native Peoples of the Caribbean, When these two societies met, there were intentional and of the native population within 150 years.
taking away their freedom and forcing them to do unintentional consequences. The two groups traded ideas for the design However, the Maya, Inca, Aztec, and Native Peoples of North America
the work. When many died from European diseases Cutting the Sugar Cane, Antigua of tools and transportation. The Europeans brought domesticated survived. Descendants of the American Indians, Maya, Inca, and Aztec
or risked punishment to escape, plantation owners William Clark, 1823 animals, such as pigs, chickens, and horses, with them on their ships. The still live in and near the places where their ancient civilizations and tribes
turned to the slave trade from Africa. Men, women, and people of the Western Hemisphere gave the Europeans plants, food, and began. Today, nearly 10 million Maya live in Central America, and there
precious metals. Sign language and gestures were used to help the two are many small villages in Peru where only Quechua (the Inca language)
cultures communicate with each other. is still spoken. Tens of thousands of Mexican people can trace their family
Tolerance of differences between the two cultures could have lines back to the ancient Aztec people. The conquests of the Western
expanded the positive exchanges. However, the Europeans were not Hemisphere did not completely destroy the culture or the spirit of these
tolerant of the differences they encountered. They believed the peoples ancient civilizations.
African Enslavement
Prince Henry the Navigator was a The early voyages sent Perestrello to
Portuguese duke. Although he was called the mid-Atlantic islands, such as Madeira
the Navigator, he never actually went and the Azores. These explorations were
to sea. Prince Henry did control a large followed by routes along the west coast
amount of money for an organization of Africa.
called the “Order of Christ.” This As a result of their exploration, the
organization brought navigators and Portuguese began to colonize new areas.
geographers together. They planned Beginning in 1445, the Azores rapidly
expeditions to unexplored regions along filled with colonists. They developed a
the Atlantic coast south of Portugal. rich, sugar-producing colony. The sugar
They hired a sea captain named was exported to European markets. The Vasco Núñez de Balboa Landing of Columbus
Bartolomeu Perestrello and his ship Portuguese also established trading claims the South Sea, John Vanderlyn Coronado sets out to the north,
for their expeditions. posts along the west coast of Africa. 19th-century engraving painting by Frederic Remington
These trading posts were used to by unknown artist
trade Portuguese goods to traders in
Africa. The Africans traded something
that was in high demand by the
Portuguese. This “product” was people.
Men, women, and children were captured
by the African traders and sold to the
Portuguese as enslaved people. The
enslaved captives were taken to sugar
plantations on the Portuguese islands of
Madeira and the Azores. Many enslaved carrying 200 enslaved African people Background: La Salles Expedition
people were also taken to Spain and sailed to the Caribbean in 1525. Sold into to Louisiana
in 1684
Portugal. By the mid-1550s, 10 percent a lifetime of enslavement, these people Théodore Gudin, 1844
of Portugal’s population was enslaved worked on sugar plantations. This early
men, women, and children from Africa.
Exploration of the Americas created trade by Portuguese ships began the
a new market where traders could sell long, tragic system of bringing enslaved ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Prince Henry the Navigator enslaved Africans. The first recorded ship people across the Atlantic.

What lasting effects of exploration and colonization do we see today?