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operations such as addition, multiplication, and transposition.

3.4.2 Polynomial Representation

Polynomials can be represented using arrays, where each index corresponds to the

power of the variable and the value at that index represents the coefficient.

3.4.3 String Manipulation

Although C++ provides the string class, traditional C-style strings are implemented as

character arrays. This allows direct manipulation of characters and is still widely used in

system-level programming.

3.5 Limitations of Arrays

Despite their usefulness, arrays have limitations. Their size must be known at compile
time, and resizing requires creating a new array and copying elements. Additionally, insertion

and deletion operations are inefficient compared to dynamic structures like linked lists. These

limitations motivate the use of more advanced data structures.

3.6 Summary

In this chapter, we explored arrays as a fundamental data structure in C++. We

discussed their definition, characteristics, and memory representation. We examined basic

operations such as traversal, insertion, deletion, searching, and sorting. We extended the
concept to multidimensional arrays and highlighted applications in matrices, polynomials, and

strings. Finally, we noted the limitations of arrays, which lead to the development of more

flexible structures.

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