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Aircraft general knowledge




                                  8.3.5.3    Hydraulic brakes ............................................................................... 692
                          8.3.6   The aircraft’s axes and primary control surfaces………. .......................... 692

                                  8.3.6.1    Longitudinal axis and ailerons ........................................................... 693

                                  8.3.6.2    Normal axis and rudder .................................................................... 693

                                  8.3.6.3    Lateral axis and elevator ................................................................... 693
                                  8.3.6.4    Aircraft control. ................................................................................ 693

                          8.3.7   Control and stabilization………. .............................................................. 695

                                  8.3.7.1    Trim tabs  ......................................................................................... 695
                                  8.3.7.2    Static and dynamic balancing ........................................................... 696

                                  8.3.7.3    Flaps………......................................................................................... 696

                                  8.3.7.4    Slots………. ........................................................................................ 697
                                  8.3.7.5    Slats………. ........................................................................................ 698

                   8.4    Fuselage loading (stress) .......................................................................  699

                          8.4.1    POH and aircraft’s limitations ................................................................ 699

                                  8.4.1.1    G-impact .......................................................................................... 700

                                  8.4.1.2    Max takeoff weight and max operating speeds ................................. 700
                                  8.4.1.3    Limit load factor and breaking load factor ........................................ 701

                                  8.4.1.4    Air speed indicator (ASI) / speedometers .......................................... 710

                                  8.4.1.5    Load on parked aircraft .................................................................... 702
                   8.5    Aviation fuel ............................................................................................ 703


                          8.5.1    Aviation gasoline ................................................................................... 703
                                  8.5.1.1    Types of gasoline .............................................................................. 703

                                  8.5.1.2    Aviation gasoline vs. auto gasoline ................................................... 704

                                  8.5.1.3    Non-usable vs. non-drainable fuel .................................................... 704
                          8.5.2    Fuel tanks .............................................................................................. 705

                                  8.5.2.1    Gravity fed system............................................................................ 706

                                  8.5.2.2    Integral tank ..................................................................................... 706
                                  8.5.2.3    Drains and condensation .................................................................. 706

                                  8.5.2.4    Sign… ….   ......................................................................................... 707

                                  8.5.2.5    Tank gauges ..................................................................................... 707
                                  8.5.2.6    Fuel tank cabs and vents .................................................................. 707

                          8.5.3    Fuel systems .......................................................................................... 708



              Flyveteori PPL(A)(UL)/LAPL             Henning Andersen, Midtjysk Flyveskole© marts 2026        670
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