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86 The Real Work of Data Science

not just from technology but governments, wars, and people. The rise of China and the
advance of gay rights over the past generations are examples. Those who do not keep up
risk losing out.
Thus, the real work of CAOs involves having long‐term perspective, a historical context,
and a view to the future. This means identifying long‐term trends based on evidence from dis-
parate sources and weaving them into a compelling narrative. This also means helping posi-
tion their companies to be ready. For CAOs employed by companies that make high‐tech
products, there is a special consideration. For years, companies have outsourced manufac-
turing, concentrating on design. This may be dangerous as Industry 4.0 advances, because
continued outsourcing may threaten the company’s advantages in design. CAOs should study
this issue carefully.