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42 Big Data Analytics for Connected Vehicles and Smart Cities What Is Big Data? 43

Figure 3.6 The growth of information complexity.

decreasing value density in the data. Value density is a way to measure the value
that you would obtain from data relative to the size of the data. The reduction
in value density is another reason for creating a data lake in order to be able to
extract maximum value from the data.

Veracity
This dimension relates to the uncertainty associated with big data. As the speed
at which data arrives increases and the variety grows to include structured and
unstructured data, there can be a significant amount of uncertainty relating
to the precision of the data. This requires tools and techniques that enable us
to understand the uncertainty in the data and, perhaps, to apply rankings to
the quality of the data. The veracity or ability to trust the data might also be
impacted by tampering or other issues that would affect the quality of the data.
This adds a security dimension to veracity.

3.6 Challenges

In addition to the opportunities, there are challenges associated with big data,
listed as follows:

• Complexity analysis;
• Capture;
• Curation;