Page 21 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

xx Contents

VetBooks.ir Pharmacokinetics and Mechanism of Action 759 Section XIII
Toxicity
760
Estrogenic Toxicants
Treatment
760
Concluding Remarks 761 59. Chemical-Induced Estrogenicity
References 761
Stephen Safe, Un Ho Jin and Xi Li
57. Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algae) Introduction 805
Toxins Estrogenic Chemicals of Concern 805
Introduction and Background 805
Birgit Puschner
Mechanisms of Estrogen-Induced
Introduction 763 Transactivation: ERα and ERβ Domain
Background 763 Structure 807
Microcystins 764 Xenoestrogens and Phytoestrogens as
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics 768 Selective ER Modulators: Complexity of
Mechanism of Action 768 Estrogenic Activity 808
Toxicity 769 Development of Bioassays for Clinically
Treatment 769 Relevant SERMs 808
Anatoxins 770 Xenoestrogens and Phytoestrogens as SERMs 809
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics 770 SERMs: Implications for Risk Assessment 810
Mechanism of Action 770 Role of Environmental Estrogens in Diseases 811
Toxicity 771 Background 811
Treatment 771 Estrogens and Women’s Health 811
Miscellaneous Freshwater Cyanobacterial Risks for Breast Cancer Genetic Factors 812
Toxins 772 Hormonal Risk Factors for Breast Cancer 812
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 772 Lifestyle and Dietary Risk Factors 812
References 773 Environmental Estrogens and Breast Cancer 812
Estrogens as Risk Factors for Male
Reproductive Tract Problems 813
Section XII Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 814
Poisonous and Venomous Organisms Acknowledgments 814
References 814
58. Terrestrial Zootoxins
60. Phytoestrogens
Sharon M. Gwaltney-Brant, Eric Dunayer
Michelle Mostrom and Tim J. Evans
and Hany Youssef
Introduction 817
Introduction 781
Description 817
Arthropoda 781
Araneae: Spiders 781 Historical Background 819
Scorpiones: Scorpions 784 Pharmacokinectics/Toxicokinetics 819
Ixodida: Ticks 785 Plant Impact 819
Animal Biotransformation 820
Myriapoda: Centipedes and Millipedes 785
Absorption 820
Insecta: Insects 786
Tissue Distribution 822
Amphibia, Anura: Toads 791
Excretion 823
Reptilia 792
Mechanism of Action 823
Snakes 792
Estrogen Receptors 823
Lizards 796
Impact on Steroidogenesis 824
Aves 798
Additional Impact on Cell Functions 825
Mammalia 798
Altered Signal Transduction and Cell
Concluding Remarks and Future
Proliferation 826
Directions 799
Adverse Health Effects 826
References 799
Developmental Effects 826
Further Reading 801