Page 67 - BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice

BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice

VetBooks.ir Ketoprofen: Ketoprofen is a racemic mixture, are eliminated in the bile. Steady state
concentration is achieved after days of dosing,
preferentially inhibiting C 1, mostly because of
according to the summary of product
the activity of the S(+) enantiomer. The drug is
characteri ed by a very short half life 1. h , but characteristics and further research (Pollmeier
prolonged C 1 inhibition in exudate, thus et al., 6; Ryan et al., 1 .
presenting in ammatory tissue selectivity,
similarly to robenacoxib, but without C Cimicoxib: Cimicoxib is a very selective C
selectivity (Lees et al., ; Pelligand et al., 14 . inhibitor. ral bioavailability is 44 , and it is not
signi cantly a ected by feeding status. ime to
Carprofen: Carprofen is a racemic mixture, with a peak plasma concentration is . hours and
preferential C inhibitory e ect, but it is the elimination half life is 1.4 hours, with the
believed that other mechanisms of action may major metabolite being eliminated in bile, and
be involved in its anti in ammatory and its glucuronide conjugate in urine. Population
analgesic e ects. Carprofen can be detected in pharmacokinetics in dogs has identi ed slow
in ammatory uid within hours and peaks at 7 metabolizers, with the half-life twice as long in
hours after intravenous administration. Its half-life some cases. Despite the short half-life, clinical
in the dog is about 8 hours and oral trials have determined that once daily
bioavailability is greater than 9 , while in the administration is clinically appropriate
cat the half-life is considerably longer, explaining randemange et al., 1 ; im et al., 14;
the reduced safety margin in this species. Murrell et al., 14; Schneider et al., 1 .
i erently from ketoprofen and robenacoxib,
carprofen does not present in ammatory tissue Grapiprant: This is a new non-COX inhibiting
selectivity. Hepatopathy of variable severity has NSAI . It targets the EP4 prostaglandin
been reported in dogs treated with carprofen receptor, which is the primary mediator of
(McKellar et al., 1994a; Clark et al., ; aylor et canine osteoarthritis pain and in ammation.
al., 7; essenger et al., 16 .
Local anaesthetics
Meloxicam: eloxicam is a selective C The pharmacology of local anaesthetics is
inhibitor. It has an oral bioavailability in excess of relevant because of their local e ect and
9 , and peak plasma concentration is systemic absorption from the site of
achieved in approximately 8 hours in dogs and administration after performing a locoregional
hours in cats after oral administration. techni ue, and because of the systemic e ects
Administration with food may result in a delay in and disposition of lidocaine after intravenous
oral absorption. Its elimination half-life is administration.
approximately 4 hours both in the cat and the Although modern local anaesthetics are
dog, with the majority of the metabolites safer than their predecessors, they are not
excreted in the faeces. Meloxicam is also devoid of side e ects, and severe adverse
formulated as an oromucosal spray, which may reactions are still possible, although rare. It is
make administration easier in some dogs therefore crucial to understand the
(Montoya et al., 4; Carroll et al., 11 . pharmacology and toxicity of these compounds
and to choose the dose, volume and
Firocoxib: irocoxib is a selective C concentration in view of the desired e ects.
inhibitor, with an oral bioavailability of 7 after It is necessary to point out, before further
administration to fasted dogs. Administration discussing local anaesthetics, that currently
with food does not a ect bioavailability, but will there are only two licensed formulations for
delay absorption. Peak plasma concentration is cats and dogs (lidocaine with adrenaline and
achieved 1. hours after oral administration to procaine with adrenaline), and the licence terms
fasted dogs, and the elimination half life is 7.8 limit their use to nerve blocks, paravertebral
hours. Metabolism is hepatic and metabolites nerve blocks and local in ltration.

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