Page 341 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

Introduction to Fluid Therapy 333

TABLE 14-2 Daily Water and Calorie In disease states, decreased fluid intake results from
Requirements for the anorexia, and increased fluid loss may occur by urinary
(e.g., polyuria) and gastrointestinal (e.g., vomiting, diar-
Cat* rhea) routes. Other less common routes of loss include
Body Total kcal/day skin (e.g., extensive burns), respiratory tract, and salivary
Weight (kg) or Water mL/day /kg /hr secretions, as described before. Third-space loss of fluid
occurs when effective circulating volume is decreased,
1.0 80 80 3 but the fluid lost remains in the body. Examples include
1.5 108 72 5 intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, pancreatitis, and
2.0 135 67 6 effusions or hemorrhage into body cavities. Decreased
2.5 159 64 7 fluid intake and increased loss often coexist (e.g.,
3.0 182 61 8 anorexia, vomiting, and polyuria in a uremic animal).
3.5 205 58 9
4.0 226 57 9 HISTORY
4.5 247 55 10
Historical information about the route of fluid loss may
5.0 268 53 11
suggest the affected fluid compartment or compartments,
From Haskins SC. A simple fluid therapy planning guide. Semin Vet Med as well as the patient’s electrolyte and acid-base
Surg (Small Anim) 1988;3:232. derangements. The time period over which fluid losses
*80 kcal/kg 0.75 ; Nutritional requirements of the cat. Bethesda, Md: have occurred and an estimate of their magnitude should
National Research Council, 1987.
be determined. Information about food and water

Average weights for breeds are shown
Larger
100 dogs
80 Shepherd
or
boxer
60
50 Setter
Water and electrolyte reqts : per 100 cal
40
Water 80 cc/100 cal. first 500 cal.
30 ,, 75 ,, ,, ,, second ,, ,,
25 Spaniel ,, 65 ,, ,, ,, thereafter
Electrolytes (mEq)
20 Sodium ion : 2.5 mEq/100 cal.
Rhesus
monkey Potassium ion : 2.2 ,, ,, ,,
15 Chloride ion : 1.8 ,, ,, ,,
Terrier
Body weight (lbs) 8 7 6 Toy Cat
10

4 5

3
2.5
Maintenance requirements
100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Calories
80 160 240 320 400 475 625 875 1000 1130 1250 1400 1500 Water (cc)
+
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 Sodium (Na , MEq)
+
2.2 4.4 6.6 8.8 11.0 13.2 17.6 22.0 26.4 30.6 35 39.4 44.0 Potassium (K , MEq)
–
1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2 9.0 10.8 14.4 18.0 21.6 25.2 28.8 32.4 36.0 Chloride (Cl , MEq)
The ideal maintenance water and electrolyte The ideal maintenance water and electrolyte To provide
solution for animals in this range is easily maintenance
solution for animals in this range is easily
provided by adding 11.0 cc. Vetrad-M Complete provided by adding 13.0 cc. Vetrad-M Complete electrolyte
per liter of 5% glucose in water. per liter of 5% glucose in water. and water
Figure 14-1 Daily water, calorie, and electrolyte requirements for dogs and cats. (From Harrison JB,
Sussman HH, Pickering DE. Fluid and electrolyte therapy in small animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1960;137:638.)