Page 412 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

402 FLUID THERAPY

removed (exceptions are hyperosmolar and vasoactive 15. Ethier MR, Mathews KA, Valverde , et al. Evaluation of the
solutions), but the limb should be palpated for heat, efficacy and safety of two sedative-analgesic protocols in
swelling, and discomfort. If infusion pumps are used and assisted ventilation in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res
2008;69:1351–9.
the alarm signals occlusion, the catheter and entry site
16. Ferraboli R, Malheiro PS, Abdulkader RC, et al. Anuric
should be examined carefully. acute renal failure caused by dextran-40 administration.
Destruction of the catheter or administration set will Ren Fail 1997;19:303–6.
occur if the animal bites it, and hemorrhage may be a 17. Boucharda J, Mehta RL. Fluid accumulation and acute kid-
ney injury: consequence or cause. Curr Opin Crit Care
complication if this event is not witnessed. Serious hem-
2009;15:509–13.
orrhage also may occur if the connector on an arterial
18. Foland JA, Fortenberry JD, Warshaw BL, et al. Fluid over-
catheter becomes dislodged and may require blood trans- load before continuous hemofiltration and survival in criti-
fusion if a large amount of blood loss occurs. cally ill children: a retrospective analysis. Crit Care Med
Finally. catheters should not be disconnected when the 2004;32:1771–6.
19. Francis A, Martin L, Haldorson GJ, et al. Adverse reactions
patient is moved. The intravenous line should be clamped
suggestive of type III hypersensitivity in six healthy dogs
as close to the catheter site as possible, the catheter flushed given human serum albumin. J Am Vet Med Assoc
witha1 unitheparin/mLsalinesolution,andthebagscar- 2007;230(6):873–9.
ried with the patient. Disconnecting the lines promotes 20. Gibson GR, Callan MB, Hoffman V. Use of a hemoglobin-
microbial contamination and the potential for sepsis. based oxygen-carrying solution in cats: 72 cases (1998-
2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:96.
21. Gunkel C, Valverde A, Morey T, Hernandez J,
Robertson SA. Comparison of non-invasive cardiac output
REFERENCES measurement by partial carbon dioxide rebreathing with
the lithium dilution method in anesthetized dogs. J Vet
1. Aldrich J, Haskins S. Monitoring the critically ill patient. In: Emerg Crit Care 2004;14:187–95.
Bonagura JD, Kirk RW, editors. Current veterinary therapy 22. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Body fluid compartments. In:
XII. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995. p. 98–105. Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Textbook of medical physiol-
2. Aucar JA, Norman P, Whitten E. Intraoperative detection ogy. 10th ed Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 264.
of traumatic coagulopathy using the activated coagulation 23. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Dominant role of the kidney in long-
time. Shock 2003;19(5):404–7. term regulation of arterial pressure and in hypertension: the
3. Christiane S. Hartog, MD, Michael Bauer, MD, and integrated system for pressure control. In: Guyton AC,
Konrad Reinhart, MD, The Efficacy and Safety of Colloid Hall JE, editors. Textbook of medical physiology. 10th
Resuscitation in the Critically Ill, Anesth Analg ed Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 329.
2011;112:156–64. 24. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Integration of renal mechanisms for
4. Baldassarre S, Vincent JL. Coagulopathy induced by control of blood volume and extracellular fluid volume;
hydroxyethylstarch. Anesth Analg 1997;84:451–3. and renal regulation of potassium, calcium, phosphate
5. Bateman SW, Mathews KA. Comparison of axillary and and magnesium. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Text-
heating block methods of activated clotting time (ACT) book of medical physiology. 10th ed Philadelphia: WB
in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 1999;9:79–82. Saunders; 2000. p. 329.
6. Boldt J. Hydroxyethylstarch as a risk factor for acute renal 25. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Pulmonary circulation, pulmonary
failure: is a change of clinical practice indicated? Drug Saf edema, pleural fluid. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Text-
2002;25:837–46. book of medical physiology. 10th ed Philadelphia: WB
7. Burris D, Rhee P, Kaufmann C, et al. Controlled resuscita- Saunders; 2000. p. 444–51.
tion for uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 26. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Regulation of extracellular fluid
1999;46:216–23. osmolarity and sodium concentration. In: Guyton AC,
8. Clemmesen O, Ott P, Larsen FS. Splanchnic metabolism in Hall JE, editors. Textbook of medical physiology. 10th
acute liver failure and sepsis. Curr Opin Crit Care ed Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 313.
2004;10:152–5. 27. Guyton AC, Hall JE. The body fluid compartments: extra-
9. Cohen RD, Woods RF. Clinical and biochemical aspects of cellular and intracellular fluids; interstitial fluid and edema.
lactic acidosis. Boston: Blackwell Scientific; 1976. p. 42. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Textbook of medical phys-
10. Cornelius LM. Fluid therapy in small animal practice. J Am iology. 10th ed Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 264.
Vet Med Assoc 1980;176:110–4. 28. Guyton AC, Hall JE. The kidneys and body fluids. In:
11. Dart AB, Mutter TC, Ruth CA. Hydroxyethyl starch Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Textbook of medical physiol-
(HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney func- ogy. 10th ed Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 332–5.
tion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(1) Art.No: 29. Guyton AC, Lindsey AW. Effect of elevated left atrial pres-
CD007594. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007594.pub2. sure and decreased plasma protein concentration on the
12. de Laforcade AM, Rozanski A. Central venous pressure and development of pulmonary edema. Circ Res
arterial blood pressure measurements. Vet Clin North Am 1959;7:649–57.
Small Anim Pract 2001;31:1163–74. 29a. Hansen B, DeFrancesco T. Relationship between hydra-
13. Downey GP, Dong O, Kruger J. Regulation of neutrophil tion estimate and body weight change after fluid therapy
activation in acute lung injury. Chest 1999;116(Suppl. in critically ill dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care
1):46S–54S. 2002;12:235–43.
14. Dretzke J, Sandercock J, Bayliss S, et al. Clinical effective- 30. Hansen B. Technical aspects of fluid therapy: catheters and
ness and cost-effectiveness of prehospital intravenous monitoring of fluid therapy. In: DiBartola S, editor. Fluid
fluids in trauma patients. Health Technol Assess 2004;8: therapy in small animal practice. 3rd ed Philadelphia: WB
iii 1–103. Saunders; 2000. p. 344–76.