Page 897 - The Toxicology of Fishes

22

The Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

in Fish from Puget Sound, Washington

Lyndal L. Johnson, Mary R. Arkoosh, Claudia F. Bravo,
Tracy K. Collier, Margaret M. Krahn, James P. Meador,
Mark S. Myers, William L. Reichert, and John E. Stein

CONTENTS
Introduction............................................................................................................................................878
Background ............................................................................................................................................878
Characteristics of Puget Sound....................................................................................................878
Physical and Hydrologic Features......................................................................................878
Puget Sound Fish Populations............................................................................................878
Demographics: Human Development ................................................................................880
PAH Contamination in Puget Sound ...........................................................................................881
Sources................................................................................................................................881
Trends in PAH Concentrations...........................................................................................881
Co-occurrence with Other Contaminants...........................................................................881
Exposure to PAHs..................................................................................................................................882
Bioavailability...............................................................................................................................882
Bioaccumulation/Food Web Transfer...........................................................................................882
Exposure Assessment Techniques................................................................................................885
Bile Metabolites..................................................................................................................885
CYP1A Activity..................................................................................................................886
DNA Adducts......................................................................................................................887
Bioindicators as Integrated Indicators of Toxicant Exposure and Response.................... 889
PAH Exposure and Biological Effects in Puget Sound Fishes.............................................................890
General Approach to Ecotoxicological Investigations.................................................................890
Field Assessment of PAH Exposure in Puget Sound Fish..........................................................890
Bottomfish...........................................................................................................................890
Salmon ................................................................................................................................892
Physiological Effects in Puget Sound Fish..................................................................................894
Liver Cancer and Related Toxicopathic Lesions ...............................................................894
Reproductive Effects...........................................................................................................895
Immunological Alterations .................................................................................................897
Growth ................................................................................................................................899
Risk Characterization.............................................................................................................................902
Risk Management ..................................................................................................................................908
Puget Sound Damage Assessment Cases ....................................................................................908
Elliott Bay...........................................................................................................................908
Commencement Bay...........................................................................................................909
Restoration Monitoring at PAH-Contaminated Sites ..................................................................911
Conclusion..............................................................................................................................................912
References..............................................................................................................................................912

877