Page 1170 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

1102 SECTION | XVI Feed and Water Contaminants

VetBooks.ir always easily identified. Some cite primary and other sec- laboratories animals. The information included in those
tables is too extensive to reproduce in this chapter.
ondary sources. Most of the standards included in the
Readers are urged to consult them as needed.
monographs written by US scientists seem to be based on
the 1974 NAS recommendations (NAS Subcommittee on An ad hoc committee of the National Research
Nutrient and Toxic Elements in Water, 1974). The stan- Council’s Committee on Animal Nutrition reviewed the
dards included in the monograph written by Olkwoski, a scientific literature related to minerals and toxic sub-
Canadian, are those established by Canadian governmen- stances in the diets and water for animals. Its findings and
tal bodies (Canadian Council of Ministers of the recommendations were published as a second revision of
Environment (CCME), (a), (b)). mineral tolerances of animals (Committee on Mineral and
Livestock water quality recommendations have been Toxic Substances in Diets and Water for Animals, 2005)
published by the US EPA (1973), the National Academy of Drinking water standards cited in that revision still refer
Sciences (NAS) in 1974 (NAS Subcommittee on Nutrient to the 1974 NAS publication (NAS Subcommittee on
and Toxic Elements in Water, 1974), and Canada (Canadian Nutrient and Toxic Elements in Water, 1974).
Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), (a), (b)).
Table 80.2 lists water quality recommendations for selected Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines
chemicals for livestock taken from each of those sources
Those publications include recommendations for water Canadian water quality standards for agricultural use,
use by animals other than livestock. Recommendations including livestock, were first published in a document
for other animals are listed in Table 80.3. Readers may titled Canadian Water Quality Guidelines in 1987 by the
find them to be more applicable than the livestock recom- Canadian Council of Resource and Environment
mendations in certain circumstances. Ministers (CCREM). That organization was later renamed
the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment
(CCME). In April 1996, CCME began work that consoli-
US EPA Water Quality Criteria for Animals dated national environmental quality guidelines for water,
soil, sediment, tissue residues and air into one document,
The US EPA published proposed water quality standards
which was published as Canadian Environmental Quality
for irrigation, livestock, aquatic life, wildlife, public fresh-
Guidelines by CCME. The guidelines are continually
water, marine aquatic life, and recreational water in 1973
reviewed and updated as deemed necessary.
(US EPA, 1973). The criteria were formulated and pub-
Water quality standards have continued to be revised
lished by the US EPA pursuant to the Federal Water
and current information is readily available on the CCME
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 and the
Canadian Environmental Guidelines Summary
Water Quality Act of 1965. The report states: “Almost all
Table websites (Canadian Council of Ministers of the
of the criteria are taken from the recommendations of the
Environment (CCME), (a), (b); Health Canada, 2012).
National Academy of Science’s report on Water Quality
The sites are designed to produce a listing of the chemi-
Criteria (in press) developed under contract to the
cals and the guidelines of interest to the user.
Environmental Protection Agency.” Those recommenda-
tions do not appear to have been revised since their
publication. Organic Contaminants
There are numerous organic chemicals, including many
National Academy of Sciences used in modern agricultural production, that are also
Recommended Limits in Drinking Water included in various water quality tables. Such chemicals
do not seem to be at issue for the quality of water for
for Livestock and Poultry
animals.
The NAS report published in 1974 summarizes what was
known at the time of publication about effects of nutrient Organic Livestock Production
and toxic substances that were found in water consumed
by domesticated animals (NAS Subcommittee on Nutrient Drinking water quality pertaining to organic livestock
and Toxic Elements in Water, 1974). It also contains production is not defined in the U.S. Code of Federal
information about water requirements and the percentages Regulations. Access to clean drinking water is mandated,
of recommended intake of various substances provided by as indicated in this extract (bold-faced font added), but
normal daily water consumption, and toxic concentrations “clean water” is not defined: “Year-round access for all
for various species. The publication includes a animals to the outdoors, shade, shelter, exercise areas,
table summarizing the effects of toxic concentrations of fresh air, clean water for drinking, and direct sunlight,
various chemicals in water for various domestic and suitable to the species, its stage of life, the climate, and