Page 118 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

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VetBooks.ir Diazepam and cyproheptadine have been used for seizure Aposhian, H.V., Mershon, M.M., Brinkley, F.B., 1982. Anti-lewisite
(BEIs(R)). American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH.
control with nerve agents (Winkler et al., 2017).
The “G” agents have been detected in urine and water
using capillary GC and GC-MS (Kientz, 1998). activity and stability of meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid and 2,3-
dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid. Life Sci. 31, 2149 2156.
Immunoassay has been used to detect VX in biological
Ardelt, B.K., Borowitz, J.L., Maduh, E.U., 1994. Cyanide-induced lipid
samples (Ci et al., 1995). Nerve agent detection is not as
peroxidation in different organs: subcellular distribution and hydro-
clinically relevant as the measuring of AChE inhibition
peroxide generation in neuronal cells. Toxicology. 89, 127 137.
level. AChE activity can be used as a diagnostic indicator
Bajgar, J., Fusek, J., Kassa, J., et al., 2015. Global impact of chemical
or a screening test. The test can be run on plasma, serum warfare agents used before and after 1945. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.),
or whole blood. AChE activity inhibition .70% of nor- Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic
mal (100%) is generally associated with severe symptoms Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 17 25.
(Midtling et al., 1985). Blood AChE does not always cor- Balali-Mood, M., 2015. Early and delayed effects of sulfur mustard in
relate well with clinical signs and poisoning has been Iranian veterans after the Iraq-Iran conflict. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.),
diagnosed in patients with “normal” values. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic
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Barlow, S.M., Sullivan, F.M., 1982. Arsenic and Its Compounds.
Concluding Remarks Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals. Academic Press,
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The “G” agents evaporate and disperse over several hours Berkenstadt, H., Marganitt, B., Atsmon, J., 1991. Combined chemical
and are nonpersistent in the environment (Garigan, 1996). and conventional injuries pathophysiological, diagnostic and ther-
In contrast, VX is an oily liquid that can remain in the apeutic aspects. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 27, 623 626.
environment for weeks or longer after being dispersed Berlinger J. VX nerve agent used to kill Kim Jong Nam, police say
[Internet]. CNN; 2017 February 27. Available from: http://www.cnn.
(Garigan, 1996; Sidell et al., 1997; Munro et al., 1999;
com/2017/02/23/asia/kim-jong-nam-vx-nerve-agent/.
Budavari, 2000; Watson et al., 2015). Environmental per-
Bingham, E., Chorssen, B., Powell, C.H., 2001. 5th edn. Patty’s
sistence is estimated to be 0.5 1 day for tabun, 1 2 days
Toxicology, vol. 3. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
for soman, 5 days for sarin and several weeks for VX.
Bismuth, C., Blanchet-Bardon, C., Baud, F.J., 1995. Delayed admission of
Environmental cleanup of OP spills depend on changing five soldiers intoxicated with mustard gas. Ann. Emerg. Med. 26, 715.
the pH to promote hydrolysis to inactive phosphate diester Blodi, F.C., 1971. Mustard gas keratopathy. Int. Opthalmol. Clin. 11 (3),
compounds (EPA, 1978). Contaminated soil can be treated 1 13.
with either alkaline substances (sodium carbonate, sodium Borak, J., Diller, W.F., 2001. Phosgene exposure: mechanisms of injury
bicarbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and and treatment strategies. J. Occupat. Env. Med. 43 (2), 110 119.
calcium carbonate) or chlorine-active compounds (sodium Borak, J., Sidell, F.R., 1992. Agents of chemical warfare: sulfur mustard.
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Borowitz, J.L., Rathinavelu, A., Kanthasamy, A., 1994. Accumulation of
Veterinarians and staff can be dermally exposed to
labeled cyanide in neuronal tissue. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 129,
contaminated animals. Rubber gowns, aprons, and gloves
80 85.
along with respiratory protection must be worn. Once the
Bright, J.E., Marrs, T.C., 1987. Effects of p-aminopropiophenone
animals are bathed, the risk of secondary contamination is
(PAPP), a cyanide antidote, on cyanide given by intravenous infu-
low. Leather absorbs OPs and is extremely difficult to sion. Hum. Toxicol. 6, 133 137.
decontaminate. Leather collars, muzzles and other items Brodovsky, S.C., McCarty, A.C., Snibson, G., 2000. Management of
should be incinerated. alkali burns an 11-year retrospective review. Ophthalmology. 107,
The production of nerve agents is beyond the capabilities 1829 1835.
of most terrorist groups. Production requires a significant Budavari, S., 2000. The Merck Index, 12th edn. on CD-ROM. Version
background in chemistry and outlay of capital. The produc- 12:3a. Chapman & Hall/CRCnetBASE, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
tion of sarin by the Aum Shinrikyo cult was estimated to Burklow, T.R., Yu, C.E., Madsen, J.M., 2003. Industrial chemicals: ter-
rorist weapons of opportunity. Pediatr. Ann. 32 (4), 230 234.
take 1 year to make, involved 80 persons led by a PhD-level
Cancio, L.C., 1993. Chemical casualty decontamination by medical pla-
scientist and cost about $30 million (Leitenberg, 1999).
toons in the 82D Airborne Division. Mil. Med. 158, 1 5.
Chemstar, 1996. Phosgene Pulmonary Exposure Information, second ed.
Chemical Manufacturers Association, Phosgene Panel, Arlington, VA.
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