Page 133 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

100 SECTION | I General

VetBooks.ir minerals and vitamins are considered GRAS, as sources which was created after the passage of the FDA
Amendments Act (FDAAA) of 2007 in response to the
of nutrients. A list of approved food additives for use in
melamine and cyanuric acid contamination of pet food
animal food is found in 21 CFR Part 573 and a partial list
of GRAS substances for use in animal food is found in 21 that led to the largest recall in history of pet food in the
CFR Part 582. Substances affirmed as GRAS for use in United States. During the initial weeks of this crisis, the
animal foods are listed under 21 CFR Part 584. FDA received over 11,000 pet food complaints. The com-
Animal foods may be adulterated with pesticides, bination of melamine and cyanuric acid contamination led
industrial chemicals, dioxins, elements, mycotoxins, and to the development of crystals within the kidneys of dogs
microbes. They may present a hazard to livestock health and cats consuming the adulterated pet foods, leading to
and production, and to the public health by residues in renal failure (Dobson et al., 2008). In 2014, the Livestock
animal-derived human food or by their ability to cause Food Reporting portion of the SRP opened. Consumers
disease. Many of the more frequently identified contami- and veterinarians can report adverse events and product
nants in animal foods are toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, problems related to livestock foods through this section of
teratogenic, or otherwise deleterious to animal and human the portal. Another route that is available for reporting of
health. The CVM may prohibit any detectable amount of pet or livestock food adverse events or product problems
a contaminant or establish a regulatory limit for the con- by owners and veterinarians is to call the consumer com-
taminant. Action is based on the protection of the public plaint coordinator in the FDA District Office that serves
health, the extent to which the presence of the contami- the geographic region in which the reporter lives (FDA,
nant cannot be avoided, and other ways in which the con- 2017). Early detection of animal food problems can lead
sumer may be affected by the contaminant. The FDA has to faster intervention by the FDA and manufacturers.
published GFI regarding action levels for poisonous or
deleterious substances in human and animal food avail-
able on the FDA website (FDA, 2016c). Under the
CVM’s Feed Contaminants Program, the FDA field REFERENCES
inspection staff conducts surveillance of the animal food
Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences (CIOMS),
industry to identify potential problem areas, collect food
2010. Practical Aspects of Signal Detection in Pharmacovigilance:
samples for analysis, and investigate potential violative
Report of CIOMS Working Group VIII, Geneva.
findings.
Dobson, R.L., Motlagh, S., Quijano, M., et al., 2008. Identification and
characterization of toxicity of contaminants in pet food leading to an
outbreak of renal toxicity in cats and dogs. Toxicol. Sci. 106,
Pet Food Adverse Event and Product
251 262.
Problem Reporting Farmer, J.H., Kodell, R.L., Gaylor, D.W., 1982. Estimation and extrapo-
Reporting of pet food adverse events to the CVM can pro- lation of tumor probabilities from a mouse bioassay with survival/
vide an early warning of emerging food borne diseases sacrifice components. Risk Anal. 2, 27 34.
and problems. Additionally, owners and/or veterinarians FDA, 2009a. FDA History-Part I. ,http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/
WhatWeDo/History/Origin/ucm054819.htm. (accessed .30.05.17.).
are encouraged to contact the product manufacturer or
FDA, 2009b. FDA History-Part III. ,http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/
distributor on the product label to report potential pro-
WhatWeDo/History/Origin/ucm055118.htm. (accessed 30.05.17.).
blems that may be associated with the product and/or
FDA, 2010a. Animal Health and Consumer Protection. ,https://www.fda.
packaging, although manufacturers are not required to
gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/ProductRegulation/AnimalHealth
forward those reports to the CVM. Pet food products
andConsumerProtection/default.htm. (accessed 30.05.17.).
include pet foods, treats, puppy, and kitten milk replacers, FDA, 2010b. For Consumers: Keep Kids, Pets Away from Skin Sprayed
pet nutritional supplements, and pet beverages. Examples with Evamist. ,https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/
of pet food product problems include foul odors, swollen ucm220217.htm. (accessed 30.05.17.).
cans or pouches, leaking containers or foreign objects. FDA, 2012a. FDA History-Part II. ,http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/
Adverse event reports can include pet illnesses or clinical WhatWeDo/History/Origin/ucm054826.htm. (accessed 30.05.17.).
signs that an animal owner or veterinarian believes are FDA, 2015a. History. ,http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/
associated with pet food product consumption. The CVM History/default.htm. (accessed 30.05.17.).
FDA, 2015b. Selected Amendments to the FD&C Act. ,https://www.
website provides information about how to report a pet
fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/LawsEnforcedbyFDA/Significant
food problem (FDA/CVM, 2016b).
AmendmentstotheFDCAct/default.htm. (accessed 30.05.17.).
The FDA receives reports related to pet food adverse
FDA, 2016a. FDA Organization. ,http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/
events and product problems primarily through two chan- CentersOffices/default.htm. (accessed 30.05.17.).
nels: the Safety Reporting Portal (SRP) as of 2010, and FDA, 2016b. About the National Center for Toxicological Research.
the FDA District Offices. Both are components of the Pet ,https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OC/OfficeofScientific
Food Early Warning and Surveillance System (PFEWSS), andMedicalPrograms/NCTR/default.htm. (accessed 30.05.17.).