Page 453 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

420 SECTION | V Metals and Micronutrients

VetBooks.ir cadmium exposure is renal tubular damage with protein- Bernard, A., Roels, H., Buchet, J.P., et al., 1992. Cadmium and Health,
the Belgian Experience, vol. 118. IARC Scientific Publications,
uria (Bernard et al., 1992). Other chronic effects can
Lyon, pp. 15 33.
include liver damage, emphysema (through inhalation),
osteomalacia, neurological impairment, testicular, pancre- Bianu, E., Nica, D., 2004. Chronic intoxication with cadmium in the
horses at Copsa Mica area. Rev. Rom. Med. Vet. 14, 99 106.
atic and adrenal damage, and anemia. Reproductive,
Dixit, V.P., Lohiya, N.K., Agrawal, M., 1975. Effect of cadmium chlo-
developmental, and tumorigenic effects have been
ride on testis and epididymis of dog. A biochemical study. Acta
reported in experimental animals (Lee and White, 1980;
Biol. 26, 97 103.
Thompson and Bannigan, 2008; Siu et al., 2009; Flora
Dorn, C.R., 1979. Cadmium and the food chain. Cornell. Vet. 69,
and Agrawal, 2017). Historically in the 1940s, high envi- 323 344.
ronmental exposure in one area of Japan from eating Dorn, C.R., Reddy, C.S., Lamphere, D.N., et al., 1985. Municipal sew-
cadmium-contaminated rice resulted in itai-itai (ouch- age sludge application on Ohio farms: health effects. Environ. Res.
ouch) disease. This was manifested by intense bone pains 38, 332 359.
and pathological bone fractures, mainly in elderly women, Elinder, C.G., 1992. Cadmium as an Environmental Hazard, vol. 118.
with osteoporosis and renal dysfunction (Kobayashi, IARC Scientific Publications, Lyon, pp. 123 132.
1978). In addition, studies in Europe and China have Elinder, C.G., Jonsson, L., Piscator, M., et al., 1981a. Histopathological
changes in relation to cadmium concentration in horse kidneys.
demonstrated that low-to-moderate exposure to cadmium
Environ. Res. 26, 1 21.
from zinc smelters resulted in a decrease in bone density
Elinder, C.G., Nordberg, M., Palm, B., et al., 1981b. Cadmium, zinc, and
and an increase in fractures in women. In one of these
copper in horse liver and in horse liver metallothionein: comparisons
studies, cadmium concentrations in the blood and urine
with kidney cortex. Environ. Res. 26, 22 32.
were taken as biomarkers of exposure (Katzantzis, 2004). Fitzgerald, P.R., Peterson, J., Lue-Hing, C., 1985. Heavy metals in tis-
Experimental studies in animals have confirmed the sues of cattle exposed to sludge-treated pastures for eight years. Am.
adverse effects of cadmium on bones. Six mechanisms J. Vet. Res. 46, 703 707.
have been theorized to explain these effects: (1) interfer- Flora, S.J.S., Agrawal, S., 2017. Arsenic, cadmium and lead. In: Gupta,
ence with parathyroid hormone stimulation of vitamin D R.C. (Ed.), Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Second
production in the kidney, (2) reduced renal vitamin D edn. Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 537 566.
activation, (3) increased urinary excretion of calcium, (4) Grawe, K.P., Thierfelder, T., Jorhem, L., et al., 1997. Cadmium levels in
reduced intestinal calcium absorption, (5) interference kidneys from Swedish pigs in relation to environmental factors
temporal and spatial trends. Sci. Total Environ. 208, 111 122.
with calcium deposition in bones, and (6) interference
Groten, J.P., Sinkeldam, E.J., Luten, J.B., et al., 1990. Comparison of the
with bone collagen production (Kjellstrom, 1992).
toxicity of inorganic and liver-incorporated cadmium: a 4-wk feed-
ing study in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 28, 435 441.
Gunson, D.E., Kowalczyk, D.F., Shoop, C.R., et al., 1982.
TREATMENT Environmental zinc and cadmium pollution associated with general-
ized osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and nephrocalcinosis in horses.
In animals, cadmium toxicosis is prevented by minimiz-
J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 180, 295 299.
ing exposure in the environment and in feedstuffs.
Habeebu, S.S.M., Liu, J., Klaassen, C.D., 1998. Cadmium-induced apo-
ptosis in mouse liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 149, 203 209.
Holterman, W.F., de Voogt, P., Peereboom-Stegeman, J.H., 1984.
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE Cadmium/zinc relationships in kidney cortex and metallothionein of
DIRECTIONS horse and red deer: histopathological observations on horse kidneys.
Environ. Res. 35, 466 481.
Although toxicoses in domestic animals are very uncom- Houpert, P., Federspiel, B., Milhaud, G., 1997. Toxicokinetics of cad-
mon, exposure is gradually increasing, especially in graz- mium in lactating and nonlactating ewes after oral and intravenous
ing animals. Since chronic cadmium toxicity is of concern administration. Environ. Res. 72, 140 150.
to humans, continued close observation and analysis of Jeffrey, E.H., Noseworthy, R., Cherian, M.G., 1989. Age dependent
cadmium in animals is indicated to provide a system for changes in metallothionein and accumulation of cadmium in horses.
environmental cadmium surveillance. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Comp. Pharm. Toxicol. 93, 327 332.
Johnson, D.E., Kienholz, E.W., Baxter, J.C., et al., 1981. Heavy metal
retention in tissues of cattle fed high cadmium sewage sludge. J.
REFERENCES Anim. Sci. 52, 108 114.
Katzantzis, G., 2004. Cadmium, osteoporosis, and calcium metabolism.
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ATSDR, 2009. Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Agency for Toxic Klaassen, C.D., Liu, J., 1997. Role of metallothionein in cadmium-
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