Page 31 - BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice
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BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice
VetBooks.ir noxious inhibitory control NIC , which currently published work investigating the
increases the activity in descending alpha
presence of rPs in animals with respect to
validated pain scoring or objective measures
adrenergic and neurones, resulting in
decreased dorsal horn activity in response to of locomotor function; however, it is likely that,
noxious stimuli applied to distant sites. In a as in humans, they do represent further
number of chronic pain conditions, including sources of pain beyond the joint and the
A, decreased e cacy of NIC has been nervous system.
reported, which has then normalized following
successful joint replacement (Kosek and
rdeberg, . Assessment of chronic
Glial cell activation pain
Non-neuronal peripheral and centrally located
immune cells have been implicated in the he assessment of chronic pain in dogs is reliant
maintenance of neuropathic pain through their upon subjective and objective measures
release of cytokines, histamine and serotonin reported by the owner. hese will likely include
oalem and racey, 6 . Experimental changes in daily activities, behaviours and
inhibition of glial cells reduced the pos sibly lameness. Owners may observe
development of hyperalgesia associated with changes such as aggression, withdrawal or
myositis in rats (Chacur et al., 9 . mood changes and, in some cases, signs such as
inappropriate elimination or lack of grooming. It
may not be obvious on initial presentation that
yofascial trigger points rPs , de ned as a some of these signs are related to pain.
hyperirritable spot in skeletal muscle that is A comprehensive and methodical history-
associated with a hypersensitive palpable taking and clinical examination are of the
nodule in a taut band’ (Dommerholt et al., utmost importance.
6 may contribute to the overall pain here are a small number of pain
experience of patients with musculoskeletal assessment tools PA s igure 4.1 that can
disease. In humans, such points exhibit be used to help the owner and vet describe
characteristic ultrasonographic, the maladaptive pain that the dog is
electromyographic, biochemical and clinical experiencing and these can also help in
features (Dommerholt et al., 6; Shah et al., monitoring the response to treatment. Pain
8; Sikdar et al., 9 . he presence of assessment tools should ideally be able to
active rPs correlates with a higher intensity cover the various domains of chronic pain, and
of ongoing pain in women with OA of the knee include changes in movement, posture, and the
(Alburquerque-García et al., 1 . here is no emotional aspects.
Pain assessment tool Validation and examples of Comments
use
Liverpool alton et al., • Owner questionnaire
Osteoarthritis in Dogs • 23 questions using a 5-point Likert scale
uestionnaire L A • Questions cover lifestyle and mobility
Canine Brief Pain (Brown et al., • Owner questionnaire
Inventory CBPI • uestions on an point numerical scale
• Questions cover pain severity and pain interference
Pain assessment tools for maladaptive pain in dogs. oL uality of life. continues
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