Page 128 - Natural Antioxidants, Applications in Foods of Animal Origin

Potential Applications of Natural Antioxidants in Meat and Meat Products 107
VetBooks.ir antioxidants with potential health benefits as food ingredients (Yamaguchi

et al., 1999; Koga et al., 1999). Cranberry contains various classes of poly-
phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, antho-
cyanins, and proanthocyanidins (Foo et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2001; Sun
et al., 2002; Zuo et al., 2002). Studies have shown that cranberry phenolic
compounds possess antioxidant activity against peroxyl (Wang & Stretch,
2001; Gunes et al., 2002; Zheng & Wang, 2003), superoxide (Wang & Jiao,
2000), hydroxyl (Wang & Jiao, 2000) and DPPH (Yan et al., 2002) radicals,
hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen (Wang & Jiao, 2000). A major unde-
rutilized by-product from cranberry juice production is cranberry press cake,
containing seeds and skins. Cranberry press cake contains many phenolic
compounds (Zheng & Shetty, 2000) and could be used as a potential source
for preparing antioxidant extracts (Moure et al., 2001).
The potential of cranberry press cake and cranberry juice powder as
antioxidants in meat and poultry products has been the interest of several
researchers (Larrain et al., 2008; Raghavan & Richards, 2006, 2007). The
cranberry juice powder extract (extracted with chloroform) was superior
(P < 0.05) to cranberry press cake extract (extracted with either ethyl acetate
or ethanol) in inhibiting lipid oxidation in vacuum-packaged mechanically
separated turkey (MST) (Raghavan & Richards, 2006).
The ability of components of cranberry powder to inhibit lipid oxida-
tion processes in MST and cooked ground pork was assessed by Lee et al.
(2006). Fraction of extract enriched in flavonols showed the greatest inhibi-
tory effect on lipid oxidation of cooked ground pork with 81% inhibition, in
comparison to other fractions (phenolic acids, anthocyanin, and proanthocy-
anidin), over the entire storage period. Crude extract treated cooked ground
pork exhibited up to 51% inhibition on TBARS formation. Concentrated
cranberry juice powder (0.32%) was effective in retarding TBARS forma-
tion and rancidity development in MST during 14 days of storage at 2 °C.
Quercetin, a non-glycosylated flavonol present in cranberry powder, inhib-
ited lipid oxidation in MST at low concentrations. Ethanol was the most
effective carrier solvent of polyphenolics compared to propylene glycol and
water as carriers.

3.5.1.6 GRAPES

Grape seed extract has been reported to be one of the richest sources of natural
polyphenols, comprising flavanols, phenolic acids, catechins, proanthocy-
anidins, and anthocyanins. Among these, catechins and proanthocyanidins