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Secondary bacterial infection frequently results in bron- protective immunity. Information on antibody testing
VetBooks.ir chopneumonia, which requires broad‐spectrum antibiotic can be found at www.aaha.org/CanineVaccineTiters. No
vaccine is 100% effective, but regular vaccination can
therapy +/‒ expectorants or nebulization. Parenteral ther-
apy is required when GI signs or dehydration are present.
light, heat, drying, and all routinely used disinfectants.
Water, food, and oral drugs should be discontinued if vom- help protect animals. CDV is susceptible to ultraviolet
iting and diarrhea are present, Parenteral antiemetics may Client education about purchasing puppies from
be required. In dogs with status epilepticus, diazepam crowded pet markets is important.
should be administered intravenously or per rectum, fol-
lowed by phenobarbital for maintenance prevention.
Prognosis

Prevention Prognosis is guarded, especially with CNS involvement.

Control is accomplished through vaccination. Current
vaccines include strains of the American lineage Public Health Implications
(Onderstepoort or Lederle strains). After recovery from
natural infection or following booster vaccination, Currently, CDV is not considered to be a public health
immunity can persist for years. Vaccination for CDV can concern. However, following the outbreaks of CDV
begin as early as 6–8 weeks of age, with boosters every infections in animal facilities in China, a CDV outbreak
2–4 weeks until at least 16 weeks of age. For naive pup- occurred in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
pies or adults vaccinated after maternal immunity has in Japan in 2008. A corresponding CDV strain was iso-
waned (approximately 16 weeks of age), a single attenu- lated (CYN07‐dV) and characterized, which efficiently
ated live or recombinant vaccine may be sufficient to utilized macaca CD150 as an entry receptor. Despite the
induce protection. In older vaccinated dogs, an annual or similarity of the amino acid sequence of Macaca mulatta
triennial distemper booster is recommended, depending CD150 to the human sequence, the isolated virus did not
on the risk for infection. Current AAHA guidelines efficiently infect human Vero‐hSLAM cells. As long as a
should be consulted for specific vaccination recommen- high percentage of the human population is immune to
dations in standard and high‐risk situations. The AAHA measles via vaccination, there is likely little concern for
2017 canine vaccination guidelines state that measuring CDV making the transition to humans. However, that
antibody levels provides a reasonable assessment of may change if measles should happen to be eradicated.

Further Reading

Anis E, Newell TK, Dyer N, Wilkes RP. Phylogenetic post measles eradication. Hum Vaccin Immunother
analysis of the wild‐type strains of canine distemper 2018; 14(1): 229–33.
virus circulating in the United States. Virol J 2018; 5: 118. Ford RB, Larson LJ, McClure KD, Schultz RD, Welborn LV.
Beinke A, Baumgartner W, Wohlsein P. Cross‐species 2017 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines. J AAHA
transmission of canine distemper virus – an update. One 2017; 53: 5.
Health 2015; December 1: 49–59. Yuan C, Liu W, Wang Y, Hou J, Zhang L, Wang G.
Cosby S, Weir L. Measles vaccination: threat from related Homologous recombination is a force in the evolution of
veterinary viruses and need for continued vaccination canine distemper virus. PLoS One 2017; 12(4): e0175416.