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Table 82.1 Comparison of CPV‐2 and other canine enteric viruses

Molecular Age most Primary target cells and typical
Virus characteristics Host specificity affected pathobiology Clinical presentation Additional information
Canine parvovirus 2 ssDNA, nonenveloped, Domestic and wild 6 weeks–6 Lymphoid cells, intestinal crypt Fever, depression, inappetence, High level of genetic variation
(Parvovirus, icosohedral capsid; canids; CPV‐2a, 2b, months epithelial cells, hematopoietic vomiting, diarrhea (scant can lead to emergence of new
Parvoviridae) variants CPV‐2, 2a, 2b, 2c 2c – can also infect cells mucoid to profuse antigenic variants
cats Intestinal crypt destruction/ hemorrhagic); dehydration,
severe villous atrophy; electrolyte disturbances;
lymphoid, bone marrow and endotoxemia
thymic depletion
Canine enteric ssRNA, enveloped with Domestic and wild >4 months Enterocytes Usually mild, self‐limiting A distantly related Beta‐
coronavirus large spike proteins, canids Moderate villous atrophy, diarrhea and vomiting coronavirus causes respiratory
(Alpha‐ coronavirus, helical nucleocapsid; Healthy deepening of crypts disease in dogs similar to
Coronaviridae) genotypes CCoV‐I, dogs often Pantropic variant has increased Pantropic variant – fever, SARS‐CoV in humans
CCoV‐II (a & b) shed CCoV virulence and causes systemic lethargy, hemorrhagic diarrhea,
disease lymphopenia, neurologic signs
Canine distemper ssRNA, enveloped; Domestic and wild 3–6 months Macrophages, lymphocytes, Multisystemic disease: lethargy, “Old dog” encephalitis – rare
virus (CDV) intracytoplasmic & canids; wild felids; epithelial cells, neurons, glial fever, vomiting, diarrhea, form of CDV disease in older
(Morbillivirus, intranuclear inclusions variants infect cells (pancytotropic) coughing, dyspnea, nasal and dogs years after primary
Paramyxoviridae) raccoons, skunks, ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, infection
Closely related to human ferrets, marine Mild‐moderate villous atrophy, keratitis, photophobia,
measles & rinderpest mammals hyperkeratosis, lymphoid and seizures, dementia, ataxia,
viruses thymic depletion, hyperesthesia, hyperkeratosis
encephalomyelitis
Canine rotavirus Segmented (11) dsRNA, Domestic and wild Neonates Mature enterocytes Usually mild, self‐limiting Interspecies transmission and
(Rotavirus, non‐enveloped; canids diarrhea zoonotic potential with
Reoviridae) reassortment with A See Additional Mild villous atrophy reassorted viruses
rotaviruses information column
Canine kobuvirus ssRNA non‐enveloped, Domestic dogs and Unknown Not yet characterized Has been isolated from stool Genetically similar to human
(Kobuvirus, icosohedral capsid foxes, likely other samples of diarrheic dogs, but Aichi virus A, a
Picornaviridae) canids – very few pathogenicity is currently gastroenteritis transmitted
epidemiologic studies unknown through consumption of
reported oysters
Dog circovirus ssDNA, non‐enveloped, Domestic dogs; wild 6 weeks–6 Not yet characterized Unclear – has been associated Similar prevalence in healthy
(Circovirus, icosohedral capsid canids unknown months with hemorrhagic and sick dogs; probably most
Circoviridae) gastroenteritis, vasculitis and important as a co‐pathogen
Closely related to porcine vascular necrosis with CPV‐2 – increased
circovirus Granulomatous lymphadenitis, mortality
thrombocytopenia