Page 164 - The Veterinary Care of the Horse
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Figure 4.10 Facial expressions of the ridden horse:
a) A relaxed and comfortable horse (page 98)
b) Above the bit, ears back, worried eye
c) Ears back, mouth open, flared nostrils, worried look in eye
d) Above the bit, ears back, tension around the eye
e) Eyes closed, ears back, flared nostrils
f) Head tilt, one ear forward, one to the side
g) Head tilt, mouth open, ears back
An ethogram has now been developed for the behaviour of the whole horse (facial
expression, body and gait assessment). It includes observation of the following:
• unwillingness to go forwards
