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structured and incremental manner, breaking down complex tasks into

manageable steps.
5. Integration of language skills: Ensure that the language skills (listening, speaking,

reading, and writing) are integrated throughout the learning materials. Connect the
topics and language skills to create a cohesive and comprehensive learning

experience.

6. Consider cultural aspects: Integrate cultural elements and real-life contexts into
the materials to enhance learners' cultural awareness and intercultural

competence.
b. Scaffolding:

Scaffolding is an instructional technique that provides support and guidance to

learners as they progress through the materials. It helps learners bridge the gap
between their current abilities and the desired learning outcomes. Here are some

key aspects of scaffolding:
1. Breaking tasks into smaller steps: Divide complex tasks into manageable sub-

tasks, allowing learners to focus on one step at a time.
2. Providing clear instructions: Offer clear and concise instructions to guide learners

through each task or activity. Use visual aids, examples, and models to clarify

expectations.
3. Offering prompts and hints: Give learners prompts and hints to help them solve

problems or complete tasks independently. Gradually reduce the level of support
as learners gain confidence and proficiency.

4. Providing feedback: Offer timely and constructive feedback to learners,
highlighting their strengths and areas for improvement. Feedback should be

specific, actionable, and focused on the learning objectives.

5. Encouraging collaboration: Foster collaborative learning environments where
learners can support and learn from each other. Peer interactions and group work

can enhance the scaffolding process.

c. Differentiated Instruction:
Differentiated instruction recognizes and accommodates the diverse needs,

abilities, and learning styles of learners. It aims to provide personalized learning