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2. Be observable: Learning outcomes should describe actions or behaviors that can

be observed or assessed. Use action verbs to indicate what learners will be able
to demonstrate or perform.

3. Be achievable: Ensure that the learning outcomes are attainable within the given
time frame and resources. Consider the learners' starting point and the

progression of skills throughout the learning process.

4. Reflect targeted language skills: Design learning outcomes that align with the
targeted language skills and competencies. Consider the proficiency level, context,

and purpose of the language learning program.
5. Use Bloom's Taxonomy: Consider using Bloom's Taxonomy of cognitive levels to

design learning outcomes that encompass a range of thinking skills, from basic

comprehension to higher-order thinking and application.
Language Skills and Components

a. Reading Skills and Materials: Discuss strategies for developing reading skills
and suggest appropriate materials such as graded readers, authentic texts, and

online resources.
b. Writing Skills and Materials: Provide guidance on developing writing skills

through various writing tasks, prompts, and feedback mechanisms.

c. Listening Skills and Materials: Explore techniques for enhancing listening skills,
including the use of authentic audio materials, videos, and interactive activities.

d. Speaking Skills and Materials: Discuss strategies for promoting oral proficiency,
including role-plays, dialogues, pronunciation exercises, and conversation

practice.
e. Grammar and Vocabulary Components: Offer approaches for teaching and

practicing grammar rules, vocabulary expansion, collocations, idiomatic

expressions, and word usage.
a. Reading Skills and Materials:

To develop reading skills, it is important to provide learners with a variety of

strategies and appropriate materials. Some strategies include:
 Pre-reading activities: Activate learners' prior knowledge and set a purpose for

reading through activities such as brainstorming, predicting, or skimming the text.